Current feminist theories and practices are helping to change tactics Research Paper

Current feminist theories and practices are helping to change tactics and prevent rape worldwide. What are these tactics, how ef - Research Paper Example To address the problem of rape in society, it is important to understand the cause in order to device effective legal and social preventive mechanisms. Rape in contemporary society Sexually explicit media programs, such as pornographic materials have been attributed to promoting rape in society. Currently, the media is saturated with objectionable sexual programs and advancement in information technology has enhanced the availability the content to many people, including young children. This has resulted to sanctioning of the programs to prevent the minors from being sexually influenced by the content. The relationship between watching pornographic content and rape is debatable and many research studies have been undertaken to establish the association. However WHO (2003) indentifies individual, relationship, community and societal factors as the major determinants that influence men’s attitude to commit rape. The high prevalence of rape in poor and politically unstable countr ies disapproves the assertion that pornographic content encourages rape. Feminists consider rape as a form of violence intended to assert the authority of men over women in the contemporary society (Kerns, 2001). Rape has been recorded in various contexts, which can be classified in two categories depending on the relationship between the victim and the perpetrator. ... e being married or in sexual relationship with men, drug abuse, being too young to make informed sexual decision, poverty, involvement with multiple sexual partners and commercial sex in addition to high level of education. Other factors include wearing sexually suggestive clothing. From these factors, it is apparent that rape is primarily aggravated by the behavior and actions of the perpetrator rather than the victim. Feminists disapprove sexual passion as the motivation for rape, but a combination of factors that undermine the psyche of men. This includes reduced income and disempowerment of men. WHO (2003) notes that highly educated women with higher incomes are at high risk of being raped by their male partners especially those with lower education and income. In addition, higher rape incidents occur in regions with low incomes than in affluent regions (WHO, 2003). High incidents of rape have been reported in countries affected by civil strive and political instability especiall y in Africa. Some of the countries include Democratic Republic of Congo and Sudan. In these incidences, rape is used as a war strategy to break or undermine the social cohesion in the societies with the intention of weakening the enemy. In some countries such as East Timor, rape was used as a tool of ethnic cleansing (WHO, 2003) Prevention of rape globally Currently various rape deterrent measures have been implemented to protect women from potential rapists and to punish rape offenders. They include imprisonment of rape offenders and instituting programs to empower rape victims and the society about the adverse effects of rape. The programs offer supportive and psychological care to rape victims, and others are specially designed to guide and inform rape perpetrators while they are

Psychopathic Behavior Essay Example for Free

Psychopathic Behavior Essay The Psychopath Understanding and Treatment Abstract Mental health disorders are among the most complex disorders to understand. Persons with these types of disorders are not commonly accepted into society. Psychopaths are among some of the most difficult disorders to treat. These persons most often come from a background lacking structure and continuity. Proper treatment is heavily debated. Report It is a popular belief that psychopaths are considered to be individuals that are as brilliantly charming as they are morally insane. However, the tendency to refer to the psychopathic behavior as â€Å"morally insane† is a misconception. Regardless of scientific discoveries, psychopathy is a disease which results in a physiological deficiency. The brain of psychopaths is believed to fail in generation of proper wave activity. Waves emitted are generally slower in individuals suffering from psychopathic behavior. This fundamental incompetence is responsible for a lower degree of arousal when these persons face a threatening situation. Their lack of anxiety and consequent careless behavior in any situation is commonly referred to as lack of conscience. These individuals lack the plethora of emotions that arise in the â€Å"normal† individual; that is, the ability to feel, to anticipate the breaking of the law, or to feel sorry when they break these laws. They are deprived of a conscience which organizes the moral notions of good and bad. In normal behavior, acts are constrained by external laws at work in society. The conscience of average individuals are able to anticipate any destructive action which could obstruct the law. Psychopaths don’t have such a capacity. They are leading a life which ignores external impediments. This fundamental unawareness is directly related to a slower activity of waves at work in the brain. This abnormality blocks the entire process of learning. The lower waves produce a decreased response of anxiety which causes the psychopaths to not be anxious or afraid of punishment when they perform a reprehensible action. According to Cleckley’ s definition of psychopathic behavior in the Mask of Sanity , (1988) when one of them breaks the law, he or she does not experience a sense of shame or guilt. When psychopaths are faced with any form of punishment – it could be physical pain or punishment regardless of the deliberate breaking of laws- they do not react with as much anticipation as the average individual. This is because they lack a part of the neurological process which allows them to avoid pain; that is, the adequate rise in palmar sweat gland activity which generates the adequate stimulus. Therefore, the psychopath will reproduce the same harmful actions again and again. In 1954, Ellington’ s experiments showed that between 31 % and 58 % of psychopaths showed some form of electroencephalogram abnormality located in the temporal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres. Another experience regarding the lack of anxiety in psychopaths was lead in 1965 by Robert Hare. In that experience, psychopathic and non-psychopathic subjects were told that each time they would see the number eight in a series of number from one to twelve, they would receive an electric shock. Non-psychopathic individuals showed higher rates of anxiety when they knew the number eight was about to come. On the contrary, psychopathic individuals remain perfectly calm at the sight of the feared number. These results are important since they show that it is a physiological deficiency rather than deliberate insanity that is responsible for the psychopath’s criminal behavior. Another perception largely spread among the population concerns the traditional representation of the psychopath who is figured out as a habitual pleasure seeker, constantly searching for the next big thrill. In the movie the Silence of the Lambs, such a personality is embodied in Hannibal Lector, a frightening psychopath who, by his compelling need of strong experiences, breaks the boundaries of decency. The portrayal of this character embodies the collective myths referring to the mental scheme of the psychopath. The representation is romanticized in order to play with society’s fascination for the violation of laws. However, the popular myths have captured one of the most fundamental features of the psychopathic personality as described by Cleckley, cited in p. 479 of Abnormal Behavior. Most psychopaths become bored quickly with the humdrum of everyday life. They search constantly for new thrills and experiences daring robberies, impersonations, confidence games, new varieties of drugs and deviant sexual behavior†. The psychopath occasionally needs to receive a stimuli stronger than the average person in order to be aroused and, eventually, find â€Å"the game† exc iting. Therefore, psychopath’s brain activity is not always below the average. Otherwise, this decreased activity would have it made difficult to explain the energy the psychopath shows in order to catch his victim. When an immediate reward is offered, impulsivity of the individual suffering from psychopathic disorder increases through an immediate responsiveness to the appealing stimulus. From a neurological point of view, the slow brainwaves are balanced by a peak of specific waves located in the temporal area and linked to the individual’s impulsivity; which, in that case, appears every time there is a promise of instantaneous reward. In 1993, Patterson and Newman conducted a test, the purpose of which was to analyze the reaction of psychopaths when they were confronted with instantaneous rewards. The results where puzzling. While the non-psychopathic individuals, conscious that they were losing their money, stopped to play, nine out of ten psychopaths continued to play even though they had lost money on nineteen of the twenty trials. In that case, the immediate reward which was money functioning as a powerful stimulus, constituted the new thrill. Since psychopathic behavior violates the laws at work in society, the view commonly held among people is that, from an early age, environmental factors cause the psychopathic disorder. The characteristics underlying psychopathy are denial of the society’s rules or simply lack of concern for the other fellow men. It can be asserted that, at some point in their life, the maturation of a psychopath’s self has encountered several barriers which, in turn, have resulted in a distorted ego in the young adult. The psychopath is unable to avoid the satisfaction of his primary impulses as well as not feeling the guilt associated with the breaking of a given rule. All these processes were part of the values that, as a young child, the individual has internalized through particular schemes. These schemes referred to as cognitive schemes essentially lie in the emotional responses which are provided by the external world. Through these cognitive clues, an entire world of tenderness and care provides the baby with identifiable marks necessary to his present and future well being. These cognitive schemes are mediation processes between the individual and the world in the sense that, through them, the child distinguishes the good from the bad. Little by little, he is able to build his consciousness of the surrounding world. But, because either the psychotic child has been stopped from doing so at some point of his life or that, generally, these signs have been distributed in spare quantity, the individual will develop psychopathic tendencies since he lacks the ability to relate himself to the world in a proper way. One quick look at the background of Charles Manson is enough to understand the role played by environmental factors in his rearing and the consequent deviant personality he developed through the years. In the book abnormal behavior on p. 488, it is showed that Manson’s mother â€Å"modeled a life of prostitution, irresponsibility and crime. She probably provided little in the way of cognitive structuring about rules, consequences, or values. † For the young boy there was little left to model his life on. What he became later has been certainly influenced by the poor education he received which, in turn, resulted in a subsequent failure to internalize society’s prohibitions. The biological approach provided the theory of environmental factors as shaping the future personality with a number of interesting clues. Franz Kallman found that a high percentage of children of psychopaths ended up themselves with psychopathic disorders. The main reason was that their parents were indeed institutionalized for psychopathic symptoms and once left alone, these children experienced the deprivation of external warnings consequent to the familial structure’s withdrawal. As a result of this lack of guidance, they ended up psychopaths. Moreover a study focusing on children who spend their early years in institutions where there is less love offered than in a family structure, revealed that they later showed an aggressive behavior toward both humans and animals. However, the assertions have to be manipulated cautiously in the sense that if those children later isplayed a criminal behavior though vandalism, truancy and antisocial activities, not all of them ended up psychopath. Seventy to 85 percent of individuals classified as criminals meet the criteria for anti- social personality disorder. By contrast only 15 to 25 percent of convicted criminals meet the criteria for psychopathy. All experiments stated above have sh own how the characteristics of psychopathy as a disease are dramatically profound. Generally, the subjects’ clear lack of conscience diminishes dramatically their concrete chances of effective treatment. Nevertheless, science has built its success on an attempt to improve on common limitations, constantly challenging even the most irremediable cases. In that perspective, through the years, several approaches to the treatment of psychopathy have been designed. From a biological point of view, if we assume that psychopathy is a disease which has its physical causes in an abnormal brain activity, that physiological deficiency can be corrected by drug treatment. However, the implications of such treatments have to be considered carefully for whoever is aware of the ethical implications involved by such manipulations. For a long time, psychopaths have been treated with a variety of drugs such as dilantin, sodium, and amphetamine sulfate. Occasional recoveries have been reported. However, the lack of follow-up studies once the subject stopped taking the medications has called into question the overall efficiency of the treatment. Generally, patients do show improvement while taking their medications as prescribed. Moreover, if the drug treatment effectively alleviates the pain, it involves a passive approach to that disease. Indeed, to give a psychopath a pill for lack of real structures adapted to his particular disease represents an â€Å"easy way† to deal with the problem. One illustrative case concerns the use of such drugs treatments in the late 70’s. In that time, assuming that psychopathy was an incurable disease, certain institutions distributed those drugs â€Å"too generously†, which, in turn, led the patients suffering from psychopathic symptoms to experiencing a general apathy. This process raised an ethical question: 1. To what extent should the pain be alleviated? 2. Were these drugs dministered in order to help the patients or simply to put them in a great situation of passivity, making sure they would not hurt anyone? Still, this passivity was believed to be better than the manifestation of psychopathic symptoms in which the patient could have an uncontrollable outburst of rage. However, drug treatment generally tries to stabilize the situation rather than look for dy namic solutions which involve an active participation both of the doctor and of his patient. In any case, the use of mediations has to be manipulated cautiously in order to avoid such excesses. Doctors should use them only when it has been established case per case that the violent behavior is clearly related to a brain dysfunction. From a psycho dynamic perspective, the treatment of psychopathic disorders through psychoanalysis is believed by many to be inadequate. Psychoanalysis tends to analyze the conflicts between the id, the ego and the superego. These internal conflicts are at the basis of the personality. On the contrary, a psychopath doesn’t experience these underlying conflicts. He has become psychopath precisely because he lacked a superego which could have provided him social standards . Whereas most of us are able to sit in an armchair and express our remorse, the psychopath is not likely to expand himself in sorrowful complaints about all the damages he caused to his surroundings. In fact, if his disease is a result of a poor internalization of moral values, he is not able to be lucid and clear about himself. This lack of clarity related to a lack of conscience is one of the reasons why Freud refused to cure a certain category of patients, precisely those who manifested a clear distortion of reality although they were fully aware. Among this category were the schizophrenics but also the psychopaths. Similarly, in Mask of Sanity, Cleckley concluded that psychotherapeutic treatments to treat psychopathy have been disappointing in the sense that they failed to provoke changes to the psychopath’s daily behavior. Therefore, the best approach to the treatment of psychopathy is that which takes into consideration the environmental factors and attacks the problem from its basis by providing the child with psychopathic tendencies a secure environment where he can learn to anticipate his negative instincts by developing a positive sense of the self. Some believe that the control of psychopathy lies in institutional programs. From January 1954 to February 1955, a study at the Wiltwyck School In New York was conducted. The institutional program at work in the school emphasized a loving permissive environment which gradually replaced permissiveness by efforts to teach social control and responsibility. As a result, the children developing psychopathic disorders responded positively to the treatment. They showed an increase in the internalization of social standards which allowed them to re- experience feelings of guilt and shame. In conclusion, considering the fact that there is no real treatment which has proven to be effective on a larger scale, it is dangerous to let the psychopaths operate in everyday life by lack of social structures. Hare notes the connection between psychopathy and domestic abuse. Psychopaths are generally intelligent and superficially charming enabling them to exploit others’ weaknesses. In a culture that promotes superficial values, the psychopath will thrive.

Music Appreciation :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The musicians are divided into four main groups called sections: (1) the string section, (2) the woodwind section, (3) the brass section, (4) and the percussion section. The various instruments in the string, woodwind, and brass section are pitched in different ranges, like voices in a choir. In the following discussion, the instruments in each of these sections are listed in the order from those of the highest range to those of the lowest. Some percussion instruments are also tuned to definite pitches, but most of them have an indefinite pitch.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The string section is the heart of a symphony orchestra. It has more than half of the musicians and consists of from 20 to 32 violins, 8 to 10 violas, 8 to 10 cellos, and 6 to 10 string basses. The violinists are divided into two groups of equal size. The first violins play the highest-pitched part in the string section, and the second violin play the next highest. The leading first violinist serves as concertmaster of the orchestra. the concertmaster directs the other musicians in tuning their instruments and may also be the orchestra’s assistant conductor.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The woodwind section consists chiefly of flutes, oboes, clarinets, and bassoons. An orchestra has from 2 to 4 of each of these instruments. The musicians in this section also play various other woodwind instruments when a score requires them to do so.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The brass section consists of 2 to 5 trumpets, 2 to 8 French horns, 2 to 4 trombones, and 1 tuba.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The percussion section includes two or more timpani, or kettle drums,; bells and cymbals; wood blocks; and bass drum, gong, snare drum, triangle, tambourine and xylophone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The conductor knows that each of these sections are crucial to the sound necessary for the score, therefore, he or she designs the seating arrangement to produce a certain blend of sounds. The basic seating arrangements are as follows: the strings form a semicircle around the conductor; the woodwind instruments are arranged in the center, with the percussion and brass sections at the rear.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The musicians have many responsibilities. Some of these responsibilities are to be prepared to work hard to achieve the perfection that the conductor needs to make the score sound right, be prepared and on time to all rehearsals, to behave appropriately at a concert and rehearsals to insure that the conductor has their total attention and the musicians are focused, and, ultimately, listen to the conductor’s instructions. They must remember that the conductor is the person in charge, and, although they may not always agree with the way that he or she feels about the music, they are to play their

Role of the New Zealand Reserve Bank :: essays papers

Role of the New Zealand Reserve Bank The Reserve Bank of New Zealand’s Role and Polices. The 1980’s saw some major changes for New Zealand, but none as significant as the deregulation of the financial institutions and economic policy undertaken by the Labour government. The trigger for these changes occurred in 1984 whilst the country was still under the National party control. The economy was in a bad way, with inflation high, foreign debt through the roof, and the subsequent lack of equity left in the country. The National, ruled under Robert Muldoon, called a snap election, which lead to the Labour party taking control of the country. The new Prime Minister, David Lange, immediately froze the foreign exchange market due to the major flow of currency out of the country, caused by speculation of the New Zealand dollar being devalued. Five later the exchange was reopened with the New Zealand dollar being devalued by 20 cents. This first major reform conducted by the newly elected government was to be just one of many carried out during the deregulation of the next eight months. By March 1985 a number of reforms had been passed by government to help save the economy and bring it in line with other modern economies and financial systems throughout the world. These reforms included the removal of interest rate controls, removal of the limit on interest paid to savings accounts (previously 3%), removal of the 30-day rule (a rule for trading banks, halting them from paying interest on money deposited for less than 30 days), removal of the special position given to a number of dealers on the short term money market, removal of the limitations placed interest rates and maturity for off shore borrowings, reduction in boarder controls, and the floating of the New Zealand dollar on the exchange market. Perhaps the most important changes made, however, were the reforms of the Reserve Banks monetary policies (Spencer, 1990)(Spencer & Carey, 1988)(Peare, 1999). In 1986 the reforms, by the Labour party, of the New Zealand banking system began with expansion of the financial system to incorporate new domestic and foreign banks, with no limits placed of the number of new banks allowed. As well as leading to a more competitive banking system, it also lead to an increase in the powers of supervision allocated to the Reserve

Palliative and Hospice for End of Life Care Essay

The notion of death and the process of dying are often experienced as tragedies, especially in the western culture. Thus, the medical model of care performed in our western culture includes life-saving measures and curative treatments. However, there may be a time in a person’s life when a cure may no longer be an option. That is the time when palliative or hospice care can step in to afford the patient and the family the opportunity to maximize the remaining time spent together. This paper will compare and contrast palliative care with the hospice model. In addition, end-of-life care related to physical well-being, psychological well-being, social well-being, and spiritual well-being will be addressed based on my experience as a student nurse with Hospice of San Joaquin. Finally, the views of end-of-life care will be discussed as it relates to the hospice model. Palliative care and hospice care share a common thread. They are both models of care that take a holistic and individualized approach to anticipate and alleviate the symptoms and suffering that arise from chronic and terminal illnesses (Witt Sherman, D. , & Cheon, J. , 2012). They both encompass the patient and family as the center of care and provide comprehensive assessments and comfort measures to patients with terminal illnesses. The care continues past the death of the patient and can continue into the bereavement period for family. Hospice will continue to support the bereaved family up to one year past the death of the patient (Hospice of San Joaquin, 2010). Both models utilize an interdisciplinary approach to care with team members that include physicians, nurses, social workers, spiritual members, massage therapists, and home health aids and others. Palliative care can be utilized during any time during the course of an illness and disease process. The cost of cure can be extensive and both palliative and hospice care limit medical interventions that can significantly increase healthcare costs. Data substantiating improved quality of life for the patient and the families as well as improved coordination of care have been identified as valuable outcomes in both palliative and hospice care (Hospice of San Joaquin, 2010). Both models allow for services to be provided in the home, in extended care facilities, hospitals, and community home-based programs and outpatient clinics (Witt Sherman, D. , & Cheon, J. , 2012). The differences between the programs are centered on the time the care is available. Palliative care is available during any point of the illness from time of diagnosis through the bereavement period for families. In addition, palliative care may be offered while life-prolonging treatments are being administered (Witt Sherman, D. & Cheon, J. , 2012). Hospice care is available during the end of life and typically, but not always, takes place the last six months of the patient’s life. If the dying process exceeds six months, hospice care can be suspended and restarted when the patient’s life expectancy falls below six months (Hospice of San Joaquin, 2010). Hospice care may be offered in all settings previously mentioned, as well as hospice units and residential hospices (Witt Sherman, D. , & Cheon, J. , 2012).

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Essay Essay Example

Hibiscus rosa Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Essay Paper Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Essay Paper Essay Topic: Purple Hibiscus The species of hibiscus which seems to hold the greatest figure of discrepancies is Hibiscus rosa sinensis. These workss appear to hold countless fluctuations in coloring material and form in both individual and dual signifiers. due to the involvement in these workss by early hibiscus enthusiasts who hybridised Hibiscus rosa-sinensis with other compatible species. Ross Gast in his Familial History of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis hints the early motion of these workss and the hybridization with other species which has led to the copiousness of cultivars available today. Particular fluctuations were perpetuated by the pickings of film editings. Although by and large considered to be native to Continental tropical Asia. the species is unknown in the wild and its country of beginning is divinatory. Gast nevertheless believes it to be from India due to the fact that Polynesian people supposed to hold originated in India may hold brought the species to China and the Pacific in the centuries of their Eastern migrations. Because it reached its highest development as an cosmetic works in China. and as most early cultivars were collected at that place and shipped to Europe. the species was given its name rosa-sinensis or Rose of China ( China Rose ) . It is interesting to observe that the earliest signifiers collected were of the dual signifier. these were found turning about ancient temples and castles in China. and the individual signifier was non connected with the species for some considerable clip. A dual ruddy signifier of H. rosa-sinensis was illustrated and described by Van Reede in 1678. and a dual ruddy and other signifiers were introduced to England by Philip Miller. conservator of the Chelsea Physic Garden. London every bit early as 1731. under the name of H. javanica. bespeaking them to be indigens of Java. Cook and other Pacific adventurers found the dual ruddy signifier cultivated in several island groups. This signifier is still common in all parts of the universe where hibiscus are grown. The individual ruddy signifier of H. rosa-sinensis is besides known as ‘common red’ . ‘sinensis’ or ‘camdenii’ . and it is the national flower of Malaysia and the State of Hawaii. A reproduction of an scratching appearance in Van Reede’s Hortus Indicus Malabarensis ( 1678 ) . It is said to be the first pictural representation of an cosmetic hibiscus to look in a European horticultural publication. This flower when crushed turns black. giving dark purple dye used in India for melanizing places ( hence Shoe Black Plant ) . In China it is used by adult females to dye hair and eyebrows. It is besides used to color spiritss and to dye paper a blue purple shade which reacts like litmus. Hawaiians eat natural flowers to help digestion and the Chinese pickle and eat them. The ruddy hibiscus was considered a sacred flower in Polynesia. for an early author speaks of a native being clubbed to decease for have oning the flower over his ear in forepart of a temple. A Polynesian myth Tells of a beautiful adult female whose beauty was destroyed by a enchantress ; her hair and foreheads were restored by the juice of the hibiscus. Harmonizing to Tahitian lore the hibiscus was created from the rubicund face of adult male. and a hibiscus bloom worn over the right ear shows that a individual is looking for a mate. if over the left ear a mate has been found. In Hawaii existent involvement in hibiscus civilization began at the bend of the century. The common ruddy seems to hold been brought in at an early day of the month from China and this was crossed with the species native to Hawaii and with H. schizopetalus to bring forth some dramatic consequences. One of the first individuals who became interested in hibiscus was Gerrit Wilder. who seems to hold held the first hibiscus show in 1914 ; he exhibited some 400 different assortments. In the old ages following. involvement was really widespread until there were literally 1000s of different signifiers and colorss. In 1923 a jurisprudence was passed doing the hibiscus the flower of the Territory of Hawaii. Single blooms are known as aloala lahilahi and the dual signifiers as aloalo pupupu. The enthusiasm for alien new loanblends spread to mainland United States with most involvement generated in Florida. where. in the hope of supplying some solution to the jobs of designation and naming of assortments. every bit good as advancing involvement in the cultivation of H. rosa-sinensis. the American Hibiscus Society was formed in the fiftiess. The publication of the first official nomenclature list of the American Hibiscus Society in 1955 was the first measure in entering and registering many of the brilliant cultivars available and being produced by eager breeders. Across the Pacific in Australia involvement in the species was aroused by the reaching of around 30 new assortments from India. imported by the Brisbane City Council to be used in a street seting plan. The new reachings proved really popular and it was non long before these assortments were available through babys rooms to the populace. The history of hibiscus in Australia dates back to the early 1800s. when John Macarthur. the adult male responsible for presenting the merino sheep to Australia. planted some of the individual common ruddy around his belongings at Camden. N. S. W. Subsequent film editings from these workss were labelled ‘camdenii’ . a name still used in babys rooms today. Hazlewood Nurseries of N. S. W. listed about 20 assortments in their catalogues during the 1930s and sometime around 1946 the first Hawaiian loanblends notably ‘Cameo Queen’ and ‘Mrs Tomkins’ arrived. The late 1950s saw more assortments imported from Fiji and Hawaii. The immense colorful flowers of the Hawaiian loanblends were so superior to most other assortments that these were classified as ‘Hawaiian hibiscus’ a name that still persists for most big blooming alien loanblends. whereas intercrossed hibiscus would be a more right name for these assortments. In October 1967 the inaugural meeting of the Australian Hibiscus Society was held with Jim Howie as Foundation President. Like its American opposite number the Australian Society has prospered and the exchange of information and thoughts between members has resulted in bigger and better hibiscus for all. Gardeners in northern parts of New Zealand were besides going aware of the developments and beauty of the ulterior H. rosa-sinensis loanblends through the assortments collected by Mr Harvey Turner and the loanblends being produced by Mr Jack Clark of Auckland. A comprehensive scope of loanblends is now available through babys rooms in these states. Why is this flower so popular? How can one depict the beauty of hibiscus? Many people are incognizant of the wide scope of colorss. coloring material combinations and flower signifiers. Today there is about limitless fluctuation in sunglassess of coloring material. The blossoming of most cultivars or assortments varies in different subdivisions of the province and state. Generally. blooms are more plentiful during the period of most vigorous growing. Flowering season for most assortments is about the whole twelvemonth unit of ammunition. but some flower less during the winter months or in hot conditions. This is no uncertainty due to the complex genteelness of these different assortments. Colour sunglassess will change harmonizing to the conditions. temperature. sum of sunshine and clip of twenty-four hours! The single flower of hibiscus normally lasts but for one twenty-four hours. nevertheless another bloom takes its topographic point every bit shortly as it dies and for this ground the workss appear to be ever in bloom. The best blossoming clip in most climes is normally. summer and fall. As the yearss get shorter and the conditions ice chest. the buds construct up and on warm fall yearss explode in a blazing of coloring material! The flowers last longer in the ice chest fall conditions than in the heat of summer. nevertheless some modern longlasting assortments will last two to three yearss even in the really hot conditions. Growth habits differ between cultivars: workss may run in tallness from 90 centimeter to 6 m ( 3 20 foot ) and vary from semi prostrate to upright in form. The hibiscus possesses the unusual trait of non wilting after it is picked. Whether left on the bush. picked and put in H2O or laid out dry on a tabular array top the flowers remain fresh and chip. Picking buds early in the forenoon before they begin opening and puting them in a icebox idiots opening. When removed subsequently in the twenty-four hours or early flushing the buds unfastened and complete their normal rhythm. Buds may be held back for one or two yearss. which is really ready to hand when 1 is entertaining invitees. The flowers can be used for many signifiers of flowered ornament. but surprisingly are non successful for wreath because they are easy crushed and may stain vesture. With so many virtuousnesss it is small admiration that H. rosa-sinensis has been called `queen of the tropical flowers’ . Choosing Assortments You have seen beautiful hibiscus in your community and possibly hold attended some of the one-year hibiscus shows. The shows present 100s of named assortments. giving you an chance to go acquainted with many different sorts and colorss. However. a few of the most beautiful hibiscus are hapless agriculturists or pantss and the novice needs advice at this point. Consult with experient agriculturists or with knowing gardeners who grow many assortments and are exhaustively familiar with their features. Which varieties you select as a start depends on your personal penchant and your garden programs. Whether you plan to utilize hibiscus for a hibiscus garden. a hedge. boundary line bush. screens. potted topics. or specimen plantings. the people reding you will necessitate to cognize your purposes. The initial choice that you make will be more satisfactory if it is based on the suggestions made by successful agriculturists. Acquire a few bushy. good molded workss at a clip and go forth garden infinite for adding other assortments as you become better acquainted with hibiscus. As mentioned antecedently hibiscus scope in growing features from low. prostrate. sprawly shrubs to little trees 6 m ( 20 foot ) high. In form they may be: ( a ) compact. dumbly leaved and good for hedges and background( B ) unfastened and sparsely leafed( degree Celsius ) vertical and thin( vitamin D ) short and wide. These features should be considered when hibiscus are chosen for seting in a certain place. Position In order to obtain the best consequences from your hibiscus. choice of the planting place is most of import. Make certain you choose an unfastened cheery place. sooner sheltered from cold predominating air currents. Full Sun is indispensable ; although hibiscus will turn and last in shaded state of affairss. they will non blossom every bit prolifically as if planted in full Sun. Hibiscus prefer a sandy dirt which has been enriched by the add-on of humus. with good drainage being indispensable. If the drainage appears dubious at all it is a good thought to raise the degree of the beds intended for planting by about 25-35 centimeter ( 10-14 in ) . This is a good pattern in heavy clay dirt or where there is ooze in the country after heavy rains as hibiscus can non digest `wet feet’ . Modern assortments do good on walls confronting the Sun and protected from air current. Choose a hibiscus to accommodate the place. take one in the right tallness scope: excessively frequently we see a immense works next to a front gate. barricading the entryway and doing entry awkward. peculiarly in moisture conditions. Sometimes we see a nice hedge punctuated by spreads where lower turning workss were chosen. Today it is possible to obtain hibiscus seamster made to your demands. Remember before seting that hibiscus prefer to be planted on their ain. and to obtain optimal consequences fix a particular bed for them. Make non works amongst other bushs where they have to vie for nutrient. visible radiation. H2O and Sun. Half a day’s Sun is the minimal demand. While hibiscus are moderately salt tolerant. in coastal countries the danger of salt hurt can non be ignored. Hibiscus will non stand dune conditions and suffer terrible hurt or decease where air currents saturate big countries with salt spray. Hosing of the leaf on a regular basis in such countries is necessary to forestall salt burn caused by the physique up of salt on the leaf. Plants should be protected from these air currents if at all possible by utilizing edifices. fencings. screens or trees for protection. Future care of the deep-rooted country should be an of import consideration in the planning phases. A garden that requires continual and expensive care can be a heavy load on the householder. and the joy he expects to have can be lost. Work out landscape programs in progress. make up ones minding on the type of workss needed. location. spacing and balance so that signifier and coloring material will harmonize into an attractive whole. Two garden designs suited for massed planting of hibiscus on an mean suburban block Fixing the Garden When you start with a bare pace and with small or no cognition of be aftering a garden or hibiscus civilization and equipped merely with the desire to turn these brilliant workss. the best manner of making this is to get down with a prepared program of what you wish to accomplish finally. If you are non certain. seek out a friend who has a basic cognition of planning and the ability to pull a study of a garden country. For the best effects works in groups in constructed beds or brushing gardens. whichever is the most desirable. With established gardens nevertheless. it may merely be possible to hold one constructed bed set aside for turning hibiscus. or in a level or unit. one may be limited to container adult workss. Remember in your planning that some assortments of hibiscus merely turn to about 90 centimeter ( 3 foot ) tall. while others grow to about 6 m ( 20 foot ) . Most modern loanblends can be kept to around 1. 2 – 1. 8 m ( 4 – 6 foot ) . Garden beds should ever be built up to guarantee your hibiscus have equal drainage to their root systems. Attractive rock or cement edging can be used in building. therefore leting you to construct up your dirt behind them. To make garden beds in a new country. bit any bing grass or weeds off the surface. without interrupting into the undersoil overly. so construct up the dirt degree by utilizing a good sandy loam. impersonal to acid in nature with good compost or organic affair mixed equally through it in the ratio of three parts dirt to one portion compost. Try to avoid heavy. gluey dirts as it is easier to construct up a hapless sandy dirt than interrupt down a heavy one. Soil Preparation Proper readying of the dirt prior to seting will assist guarantee vigorous healthy workss and cut down the job of after attention of the dirt to the regular add-on of organic stuff. The site should be prepared good in progress of seting. Most dirts are low in organic affair and hibiscus benefit by the add-on of this stuff. Mark off the country where the workss are to be set and distribute a good midst screen of compost. foliage mold. good decomposed manure or good rotten poulet litter etc. and fork into the dirt. A little application of dolomite ( 70 g per square meter ) and a balanced fertilizer ( 100 g per square meter ) should be applied and forked in. After fertilizing. the dirt should be rested for two to three hebdomads. during which clip works choice and purchase can be made. Care should be taken when maintaining workss in containers for several hebdomads before seting. Remember the workss have merely come from a babys room where they have been nurtured daily. so do non bury to inspect them each twenty-four hours. Put them in the full Sun and neer allow them dry out ; workss in containers do dry out quickly in warm conditions. Do non try to works dried out workss ; a good manner to guard against this is to soak the container in a bath or pail of H2O for approximately 10 proceedingss. but do certain that you allow it run out exhaustively subsequently. otherwise the works. dirt and all could fall in in a boggy pile after remotion from the container. Do non works excessively profoundly! Dig your hole somewhat larger and deeper than your container and the works should be planted at about the same degree as it was in the container or merely somewhat deeper. The dirt should be made house around the works with light force per unit area applied by the pess. When the country has been planted a suited mulch should be applied and the country exhaustively saturated. sooner with a sprinkler. Spacing Competition by workss for infinite is a job for the nurseryman. The roots of big trees such as pines and thenars offer great competition to hibiscus workss put excessively close to them and frequently. regardless of lacrimation and eating. these workss will non thrive. A works decently located and spaced is more self sufficient because of the distributing root system it can develop. enabling it to better defy dry periods and pick up nutrient and H2O. and will honor the nurseryman with more beauty of works and flowers. Adequate room should be given the works to allow it to maturate without undue cramping or crowding. In a hedge utilizing standard hedge assortments. infinite dour hibiscus at least 1 m ( 3? foot ) apart ; a spacing of 1. 2 m ( 4 foot ) is better. In a bed or group seting utilizing the better loanblends. let 1. 2 m ( 4 foot ) between all workss. Against the house. seek to maintain at least 60 centimeter ( 2 foot ) from the foundations. with spacing of 1. 35 m ( 4? – 5 foot ) between workss to let air and visible radiation to perforate. Venturing Hibiscus have a hempen root system dwelling of normally three or four chief ground tackle roots and a mass of surface roots that take up nutrient and H2O. It is non an excessively vigorous root system except for a few of the really early types. and later. in strong air currents. the workss are disposed to be blown over. peculiarly in exposed countries or if non good established. Staking is indispensable for these workss. for being blown around in the air current can do hurt to the root system. ensuing in root putrefaction. Insert a hardwood interest as near to the works as possible without interfering with the roots and drive it down until it feels house ; this deepness will change for different dirt constructions. Tie the works to the interest utilizing some of the non galling strings available even nylon stockings will make. Make non bind the works excessively tightly as this will curtail root growing. and neer utilize wire or strong cord as this will cut into the root. For big workss steel star stations are recommended. Wooden bets should be checked on occasion for putrefaction and replaced when necessary. Successful Transplant What should you make when your hibiscus are excessively crowded. and non acquiring adequate Sun. are non booming for one ground or another and when they could be used to better advantage in another portion of the garden? The reply is to transfer. To travel workss successfully you must non merely make up ones mind why transplantation is necessary and what location would be better. but you must cognize the proper method of transfering. The determination to transfer hibiscus should be made sing the undermentioned points for each person works. Time to transfer: Warm countries late winter or early spring. Colder countries mid to late spring. Age and size of workss: Small immature workss are more easy moved than big mature shrubs long established in a location. Condition of works: A vigorous and booming works of course stands the daze of being moved better than a works that has been making ill. every bit good as being better able to stand terrible cold or heat and periods of drouth. However. an unhealthy works may retrieve if it is moved to a more suited location. To find the wellness and energy of your hibiscus for transfering. detect the length of the one-year top growing. the status of buds and flowers. the figure of dead subdivisions and the coloring material of the foliages. Scrawny growing. deformity. wilting. disease musca volitanss and hapless color of foliages are all marks of a works in hapless wellness. A visit to a first category babys room to larn how any assortment of hibiscus in top status should look would be helpful to those merely going acquainted with hibiscus. Quite frequently it is much easier and less clip devouring to purchase a new healthy works! Location Time is good spent in make up ones minding the new location for workss to be moved. A works site which will add to the beauty of the country is to be sought. but whether the works can defy alterations in Sun. shadiness. air current exposure and drainage conditions has a more direct bearing on the plant’s endurance. Different sorts of hibiscus vary in their growth wonts. their demand for Sun. and the clip of twelvemonth they bloom best. None of them like wet pess for long periods of clip. some of them are non really tolerant of salt spray. others need some protection from air current if they are to maintain in good status. Remember that a transplanted hibiscus should hold infinite available above and below the works as it grows. Roots need room to distribute. If the bush is to be good shaped. the top of the works should be free to develop decently. Some assortments grow low. broad and sprawly. others tall and compact ; be certain to take the growing into consideration when taki ng the topographic point for resettlement. Diging the Plant Transplanting failures can frequently be traced to injury sustained by the roots when the works is dug. Before delving the works. cut the subdivisions back one 3rd overall. Circle the works with a little trench. traveling out 30 centimeters ( 12 in ) for each 2. 5 centimeter ( 1 in ) of bole diameter. To avoid upseting untrimmed roots. excavation straight down. non on a angle. with a sharpened shadiness. Actual excavation for the remotion of the works should get down from the outer border of the plant’s Crown. with dirt carefully removed as you work nigher the bole. until the chief roots are located. Retain as much dirt around the roots as possible for root protection. Ease a piece of hessian. at least a metre square. down in the trench. Carefully work it under the ball of dirt and roots enfolding them. Adhere this ball with string or cord to ease remotion from the hole with least loss of dirt. or drying of the roots will ensue. With big. heavy specimens. it may be necessary to turn over the ball onto a tarpaulin or carpet to drag or skid the heavy works to its new location. The works will retrieve better if partially shaded with hessian or other cloth for the first hebdomad. A lacrimation with endocrine 20 or other root growing advancing endocrine after transfering will be good. and frequent scattering of the top with H2O is effectual in cut downing vaporization. Planting Dirt at the underside of the hole should be loose for good drainage. The works should sit at the same degree it was before being moved. Put the works in the hole at the right degree. so fill three quarters of the hole with dirt. Water and pack down lightly to take any air pockets that may be present. Drive in bets to procure the works. and make full the staying portion of the hole with a good assorted dirt or a mixture of dirt and peat moss. Care after Transplanting Newly transplanted hibiscus should be watered exhaustively every 2nd or 3rd twenty-four hours for 4 6 hebdomads. irrigating until H2O no longer seeps quickly into the dirt. One or two farther applications of endocrine 20 is besides recommended during this period. Let the surface dirt to dry before irrigating once more. Test the dirt for waterlessness by crumpling it through your fingers. deficiency of H2O causes the roots to dry up and decease. and inordinate H2O is likely to decompose the roots. Light irrigating causes the production of surface roots. Mulching with a 10 centimeter ( 4 in ) bed of normally used mulching stuff is valuable in retaining wet. Mulch should be kept about 10 centimeter ( 4 in ) off from the root to forestall harm by fungus and decay. When transfering one hibiscus to a place where another hibiscus was turning it is advisable to take a reasonably big part of the dirt and replace it with fresh dirt. This will replace some of the hint elements needed by hibiscus and guarantee the works has a good start. Finally. neer effort to transfer your hibiscus in late fall or winter! Protecting Hibiscus from Frost. Cold and Wind In countries where the temperature is expected to drop to 1 Â °C or lower. hibiscus ( particularly while they are immature ) must be protected from the cold and peculiarly against cold air currents. If non. terrible harm or loss of workss may happen. Prepare early to protect your garden. Buy the stuffs you will necessitate plastic. lumber. wire etc. and have them on manus in fall. Fertilise on a regular basis throughout the winter utilizing a balanced fertilizer ( one with approximately equal sums of N and potassium hydroxide ) . but apply less fertiliser than you would during the blossoming season. Regular monthly applications of fertilizer in moderateness will assist your workss remain healthy and strong and in the best status to defy the cold of winter. Banking workss has been really effectual in protecting them from terrible hoars. This requires stacking up a mixture of wood shaves. foliage mold or dirt in ahill 30 – 40 centimeter ( 12 – 16 in ) above the degree of the land wholly around the bole. This protects the roots of the works. On banking a grafted works. the heap should be carried above the transplant whenever possible. Often a cylinder of poulet wire helps to maintain the material intact. Banking should non be removed until the danger of hoar and cold conditions is by. If you do non bank your workss. so take any mulch from underneath them. This will assist somewhat in winter as the mulch tends to insulate works tops from the higher temperatures of the land. Cover the hibiscus to take advantage of heat stored in the dirt and works. This heat is radiated into the ambiance. but returns to the land if it strikes some sort of screen such as trees or structural overhang. Newspapers. composition board. gunny and old covers serve the same intent. This covering should be placed over the workss without touching the leaf. otherwise heat will be lost through the foliages through conductivity at the point of contact. and workss may be damaged at that place. A light portable frame with screen to protect the works down to the land is ideal and may be made in the place workshop. Polyethylene or plastic sheeting can besides be used as screen. Clear plastic can be brought in changing thicknesses from constructing supply shops. It comes in 30 m ( 100 foot ) axial rotations and is normally 4 m ( 12 foot ) broad. This is the best breadth as it will wholly cover a big group of workss in the land or in containers. It is about transparent. which permits sunlight incursion. supplying heat in the daylight. even though the temperature outside the covering would damage the workss. Supply support poles. boxes. wire. or other agencies of support to forestall the plastic touching the workss. To procure an air-tight enclosure. the outside border can be kept tight with the land by spading hills of dirt or by stacking bricks or rocks along the borders. When the temperature is expected to drop below stop deading. utilize a few 150 watt light Earths placed inside the covering good off from the plastic. or run sprinklers or downpour hosieries supplied from good or lake H2O inside the plastic to supply heat. which will assist maintain the temperature above the detrimental point for hibiscus. It is highly of import to raise or take this collapsible shelter like covering after the temperature has risen above stop deading but before the strong Sun can reflect through and blister the workss. The best thing of class is a greenhouse. constructed with either fiberglass or polythene sheeting. The greenhouse can be lined with bubble plastic in really cold countries to forestall harm. or heated. Plants can so be grown in containers and moved in and out harmonizing to season. The greenhouse will besides assist the workss recover after winter and the new growing will come off more quickly. The greenhouse would besides be priceless when striking film editings and grafting. Plants in containers can be taken indoors or moved to a gallery for protection when a terrible hoar is at hand. A sprinkler system may be used as protection by maintaining the workss wholly covered by a spray of H2O. Sprinklers should be started when the temperature reaches 1 Â °C and kept on until the Sun is good up in the forenoon. Plants may frost over. but will be protected if the H2O is non shut off. After a cold catch uncover the workss to supply sunshine and H2O if necessary. Plants that have been damaged will necessitate pruning ( see subdivision on sniping ) but don’t hurriedly grab for the limiters. Wait until all danger of hoar is past and allow the works show for itself how much it should be cut back. Frozen or damaged roots will be soft and pulpy. and when scraped the root will be a chocolate-brown coloring material. Cut back until the green shows. After a cold catch many agriculturists give the workss a light fertilizing with a speedy moving fertilizer to return them to a good healthy turning status. This fertilization should be done following a thorough lacrimation of the works. Wind Damaged Plants Try to protect hibiscus from the cold prevailing air currents that precede most cold moving ridges. The desiccating action of these cold prohibitionist air currents often causes more harm than the existent cold. Wind harm to workss consequences in typical foliage burn or fringy Browning. As the workss dehydrate they develop damage similar to fertiliser burn. Most of the damaged foliages will fall from the works in a short clip and will be replaced by new foliages with the return of warm conditions. Light mucking and fertilizing at this clip will guarantee a more rapid recovery of the affected workss. Care Water and Mulch: Water good! This means exhaustively soak the land. Don’t H2O once more until the land has dried out. In hot conditions regular lacrimation could be every 2nd or 3rd twenty-four hours. and in cool conditions possibly merely one time a hebdomad. This depends on your dirt ; H2O disappears faster in really flaxen dirts than in heavy dirts! A good soakage should be tantamount to 25 millimeter ( 1 in ) of rain. Mulch preserves wet from vaporization. It controls weed growing and lowers care. Leaf mold. old seaweed that the salt has been hosed out from. old straw. spent mushroom compost and garden composts are all all right mulch stuffs. Pine bark should be avoided until it is really old. Damage has been done to hibiscus by rosins leaching from certain barks which are toxic to workss. Weed mats besides serve to forestall vaporization yet still let the transition of air and wet to the dirt. Plagues: Watch out for garden plagues insects and diseases. The good nurseryman should be continually on the qui vive for marks that they are at work. Familiarize yourself with the symptoms of their presence.

Giorgio Armani “Acqua di Gio” Campaign Analysis

Giorgio Armani â€Å"Acqua di Gio† Campaign Analysis Giorgio Armani â€Å"Acqua di Gio† Campaign Analysis ThÐ µ FrÐ µudian concÐ µpt of thÐ µ unconscious is foundational to psychoanalytic thÐ µory, yÐ µt its vÐ µry discovÐ µry camÐ µ about via FrÐ µud's analysis of his own and his patiÐ µnts' drÐ µams, and his analysis of thÐ µ implication of drÐ µams for waking lifÐ µ. MorÐ µ than a cÐ µntury has passÐ µd sincÐ µ FrÐ µud publishÐ µd his initial drÐ µam-thÐ µory, IntÐ µrprÐ µtation of DrÐ µams: although its idÐ µas and subsÐ µquÐ µnt rÐ µvisions havÐ µ suffÐ µrÐ µd thÐ µir own problÐ µms of accÐ µptancÐ µ and rÐ µjÐ µction, at basÐ µ thÐ µy rÐ µmain vigorous and rÐ µsiliÐ µnt Ð µnough to Ð µnlightÐ µn somÐ µ aspÐ µcts of a postmodÐ µrn world (FrÐ µud, 1997). IndÐ µÃ µd, contÐ µmporary psychoanalytic litÐ µraturÐ µ continuÐ µs to Ð µngagÐ µ with drÐ µam-thÐ µory in both clinical and cultural sphÐ µrÐ µs, just as FrÐ µud himsÐ µlf did. This papÐ µr rÐ µfÐ µrs to thÐ µ productivÐ µ possibilitiÐ µs of drÐ µam-thÐ µory t o Ð µxplorÐ µ thÐ µ cultural product of advÐ µrtising. ThÐ µ objÐ µct of this work is an advÐ µrtising campaign introducing a Giorgio Armanis pÐ µrfumÐ µ; thÐ µ Ð µntirÐ µ campaign consists of four Ð µnigmatic imagÐ µs, six Ð µnigmatic words of ad copy, and a pÐ µrfumÐ µ bottlÐ µ. In othÐ µr words, this papÐ µr discussÐ µs and analyzÐ µs Giorgio Armanis Acqua di Gio camping, focusing on this pÐ µrfumÐ µs primary channÐ µls of distribution, targÐ µt audiÐ µncÐ µ, and Ð µxplaining thÐ µ major thÐ µoriÐ µs bÐ µhind thÐ µ campaign. As FrÐ µud instructs in his work, it is advisablÐ µ... to dividÐ µ a drÐ µam into its Ð µlÐ µmÐ µnts and to find thÐ µ associatioas attaching to ... fragmÐ µnts sÐ µparatÐ µly, ThÐ µrÐ µforÐ µ, it is important to takÐ µ Ð µach imagÐ µ from thÐ µ Aqua di Gio campaign and analyzÐ µ its pÐ µrsuasivÐ µ powÐ µr and influÐ µncÐ µ on thÐ µ consumÐ µrs mind. A non-analytic rÐ µading of this campaign might focus on idÐ µas of fÐ µmalÐ µ sÐ µxuality and plÐ µasurÐ µ; an insightful rÐ µading might bring in idÐ µas of bÐ µcoming a woman. In thÐ µ first ad (FigurÐ µ 1), thÐ µ visual rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µntation shows us only part of thÐ µ woman's facÐ µ: a word that might lÐ µad to thÐ µ associatÐ µd word unwholÐ µsomÐ µ which might lÐ µad furthÐ µr to thÐ µ associatÐ µd idÐ µa that thÐ µ woman is undÐ µsirablÐ µ. This liÐ µs in dirÐ µct opposition to thÐ µ othÐ µr Ð µlÐ µmÐ µnts of thÐ µ ad, which arÐ µ concÐ µrnÐ µd with nothing but dÐ µsirÐ µ, condÐ µnsÐ µd into both a writtÐ µn word and thÐ µ woman's gazÐ µ. Is this hÐ µr dÐ µsirÐ µ, or that of anothÐ µr? Is thÐ µ dÐ µsirÐ µ as ovÐ µrt as thÐ µ gazÐ µ, or is it pushÐ µd down (rÐ µprÐ µssÐ µd, unconscious) and insignificant, as thÐ µ word itsÐ µlf appÐ µars pushÐ µd down and insignificant? DoÐ µs this subordinatÐ µd position of thÐ µ word hold furthÐ µr mÐ µaning rÐ µgarding issuÐ µs of powÐ µr? NÐ µxt, thÐ µ word of dÐ µsirÐ µ is locatÐ µd on hÐ µr chÐ µÃ µk: advancing an association of chÐ µÃ µky - layÐ µring thÐ µ concÐ µpt of naughtinÐ µss or disobÐ µdiÐ µncÐ µ ovÐ µr that of dÐ µsirÐ µ and thÐ µrÐ µby giving somÐ µ possiblÐ µ justification for why thÐ µ woman might bÐ µ dÐ µsirablÐ µ - or undÐ µsirablÐ µ. ThÐ µ ovÐ µr-dÐ µtÐ µrmination of thÐ µ concÐ µpt of dÐ µsirÐ µ in all of thÐ µsÐ µ associations finally lÐ µads to thÐ µ possibility that this is not a small, insignificant dÐ µsirÐ µ, but rathÐ µr an ovÐ µrwhÐ µlming onÐ µ. In thÐ µ sÐ µcond ad, thÐ µ again croppÐ µd woman is Ð µvÐ µn morÐ µ unwholÐ µsomÐ µ: onÐ µ Ð µyÐ µ is missing from thÐ µ framÐ µ. Although shÐ µ is nakÐ µd, nÐ µithÐ µr hÐ µr posÐ µ nor hÐ µr gazÐ µ appÐ µar Ð µrotic. This lack of sÐ µxuality is supportÐ µd by thÐ µ loss of thÐ µ Ð µyÐ µ; a rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µntation of blindnÐ µss that FrÐ µud tÐ µlls us symbolizÐ µs OÐ µdipal castration. HÐ µr unclad body is womanly, in dirÐ µct opposition to hÐ µr childlikÐ µ posÐ µ; this advancÐ µs two associativÐ µ mÐ µanings: woman-child and child-woman. HÐ µr posturÐ µ might indicatÐ µ a fÐ µÃ µling of fÐ µar, but also involvÐ µs somÐ µ Ð µlÐ µmÐ µnt of sÐ µlf-soothing, as if shÐ µ wÐ µrÐ µ fÐ µÃ µling sad or abandonÐ µd. According to thÐ µ FrÐ µudian framÐ µwork, thÐ µ assumption must bÐ µ that all of thÐ µsÐ µ Ð µmotions arÐ µ prÐ µsÐ µnt. FurthÐ µr, thÐ µ location of thÐ µ ad copy A fÐ µÃ µling on hÐ µr bicÐ µp associatÐ µs thÐ µ fÐ µÃ µling with a musclÐ µ, indicating that thÐ µsÐ µ must bÐ µ strong fÐ µÃ µlings. YÐ µt whilÐ µ our attÐ µntion is on this musclÐ µ wÐ µ noticÐ µ it is slÐ µndÐ µr and undÐ µvÐ µlopÐ µd in appÐ µarancÐ µ; wÐ µ must now add thÐ µ opposing association of wÐ µaknÐ µss as wÐ µll. ThÐ µ sÐ µlf-holding posÐ µ prÐ µsÐ µnts a furthÐ µr association of inhibition, which lÐ µads us in still furthÐ µr dirÐ µctions: sÐ µxual inhibition, and (sÐ µlf) inhibition of movÐ µmÐ µnt, a drÐ µam-symbol rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µnting a conflict of will. What forcÐ µs of will arÐ µ in opposition hÐ µrÐ µ? Two idÐ µas arÐ µ callÐ µd into mind: inhibition vs. sÐ µxuality, and thÐ µ woman vs. thÐ µ child. ThÐ µ third ad (FigurÐ µ 3) is rich with sÐ µxual drÐ µam symbolism ThÐ µ young woman walks away from thÐ µ viÐ µwÐ µr into an undulating sÐ µa, arms hanging loosÐ µly at hÐ µr sidÐ µs, fingÐ µrtips brushing thÐ µ watÐ µr's surfacÐ µ, which is at an optimal lÐ µvÐ µl to pÐ µnÐ µtratÐ µ hÐ µr sÐ µxually. RÐ µcalling that watÐ µr in drÐ µam is oftÐ µn rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µntativÐ µ of malÐ µ sÐ µmÐ µn, and that thÐ µ pÐ µrfumÐ µ bottlÐ µ can stand as a symbol of thÐ µ fÐ µmalÐ µ gÐ µnitals, thÐ µ kÐ µy association hÐ µrÐ µ is that of sÐ µxual intÐ µrcoursÐ µ. NÐ µxt, thÐ µ ad copy also namÐ µs A provocation - which would litÐ µrally "stir things up." ThÐ µrÐ µ is litÐ µral Ð µvidÐ µncÐ µ for this, as thÐ µ watÐ µr is visibly agitatÐ µd around thÐ µ woman's buttocks. ThÐ µ association is clÐ µarly that of orgasm yÐ µt thÐ µ woman's loosÐ µ-limbÐ µd passivity is a visual opposition. ThÐ µ watÐ µr holds an additional mÐ µaning of lifÐ µ and birth - but thÐ µ idÐ µa of dÐ µparturÐ µ is a drÐ µam symbol for dÐ µath, and thÐ µ phrasÐ µ walk into thÐ µ sÐ µa raisÐ µs associations of suicidÐ µ. ThÐ µ associations of a strong conflict bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn sÐ µx and lifÐ µ/dÐ µath arÐ µ strong. ThÐ µ final ad (FigurÐ µ 4) rÐ µplays thÐ µ symbolism of watÐ µr as sÐ µmÐ µn, but in a diffÐ µrÐ µnt mannÐ µr ThÐ µ pÐ µrfumÐ µ bottlÐ µ rÐ µmains as a symbol of both thÐ µ fÐ µmalÐ µ gÐ µnitals and thÐ µ pÐ µnis, but thÐ µ sÐ µa of dÐ µsirÐ µ is gonÐ µ. WÐ µt sand coats thÐ µ woman's hands, facÐ µ, and hair shÐ µ has bÐ µcomÐ µ a dirty girl. This notion is rÐ µinforcÐ µd by implication: rathÐ µr than thÐ µ sÐ µmÐ µn pÐ µnÐ µtrating thÐ µ woman, it is now in Ð µvidÐ µncÐ µ as thÐ µ Ð µjaculatÐ µ product of thÐ µ sÐ µnsual sÐ µa. SÐ µx that is procrÐ µativÐ µ has no visual rÐ µsiduÐ µ; such displays arÐ µ morÐ µ associatÐ µd with masturbation and pornography, making thÐ µ woman dirty or naughty. ThÐ µ masturbatory association is furthÐ µr rÐ µinforcÐ µd bv thÐ µ woman's sand-coatÐ µd sÐ µlf-carÐ µss of hÐ µr facÐ µ. ThÐ µ association of dÐ µsirÐ µ that accompaniÐ µd thÐ µ woman's gazÐ µ in thÐ µ first ad has bÐ µÃ µn rÐ µplacÐ µd by onÐ µ of apparÐ µnt satiÐ µty or satisfaction. ThÐ µrÐ µ is a strong thÐ µorÐ µtical background bÐ µhind thÐ µsÐ µ thÐ µoriÐ µs ThÐ µ first sÐ µt of associations prÐ µsÐ µnts an ovÐ µrwhÐ µlming and rÐ µprÐ µssÐ µd dÐ µsirÐ µ, ovÐ µrlaid with issuÐ µs of powÐ µr and disobÐ µdiÐ µncÐ µ. ThÐ µ sÐ µcond grouping also focusÐ µs on issuÐ µs of powÐ µr or morÐ µ corrÐ µctly, of sÐ µxual powÐ µrlÐ µssnÐ µss. ThÐ µ third sÐ µt prÐ µsÐ µnts thÐ µ conflict of sÐ µxual intÐ µrcoursÐ µ and passivity, ovÐ µrlaid by notions of lifÐ µ and dÐ µath. ThÐ µ last grouping focusÐ µs solÐ µly on satisfaction - but it is satisfaction dÐ µrivÐ µd from disobÐ µdiÐ µncÐ µ, dÐ µbasÐ µmÐ µnt, and a suggÐ µstion of pain, including thÐ µ thought that thÐ µ woman offÐ µrs hÐ µr body as a commodity for Ð µxchangÐ µ, an act of sÐ µlf-prostitution. If wÐ µ look at FrÐ µud's Еconomic ProblÐ µm of Masochism, wÐ µ find that thÐ µ pÐ µrformancÐ µs [of masochism] arÐ µ, aftÐ µr all, only a carrying-out of thÐ µ fantasiÐ µs in play thÐ µ manifÐ µst contÐ µnt is of bÐ µing... in somÐ µ way maltrÐ µatÐ µd, forcÐ µd into unconditional obÐ µdiÐ µncÐ µ, dirtiÐ µd and dÐ µbasÐ µd; furthÐ µr, thÐ µy placÐ µ thÐ µ subjÐ µct in a charactÐ µristically fÐ µmalÐ µ situation; thÐ µy signify, that is, bÐ µing castratÐ µd, or copulatÐ µd with... . To this point, it has bÐ µÃ µn dÐ µmonstratÐ µd only that drÐ µam-thÐ µory can offÐ µr an intÐ µrprÐ µtation of an advÐ µrtising tÐ µxt. Now thÐ µ following quÐ µstion must bÐ µ askÐ µd: Is thÐ µrÐ µ any mÐ µaningful association bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn this drÐ µam-informÐ µd rÐ µading and thÐ µ way thÐ µ advÐ µrtisÐ µmÐ µnt appÐ µals to its audiÐ µncÐ µ or Ð µvÐ µn its Ð µffÐ µctivÐ µnÐ µss at inducing purchasÐ µ? RÐ µmÐ µmbÐ µr that FrÐ µud in IntÐ µrprÐ µtation of DrÐ µams statÐ µd ЕvÐ µry drÐ µam rÐ µvÐ µals itsÐ µlf as a psychical structurÐ µ which has a mÐ µaning and which can bÐ µ insÐ µrtÐ µd at an assignablÐ µ point in thÐ µ mÐ µntal activitiÐ µs of waking lifÐ µ. If thÐ µ viÐ µwÐ µr of an ad is sÐ µÃ µn as acting in thÐ µ rolÐ µ of a drÐ µamÐ µr, will thÐ µ wish fulfillmÐ µnt Ð µmbÐ µddÐ µd in thÐ µ ad's disguisÐ µd drÐ µam thoughts havÐ µ a psychically activating Ð µffÐ µct? ThÐ µrÐ µ arÐ µ thrÐ µÃ µ possiblÐ µ answÐ µrs: If thÐ µ viÐ µwÐ µr is "hÐ µalthy," i.Ð µ., has no rÐ µprÐ µssÐ µd wishÐ µs rÐ µgarding thÐ µ mattÐ µr, thÐ µ answÐ µr is no. If thÐ µ viÐ µwÐ µr doÐ µs havÐ µ rÐ µprÐ µssÐ µd wishÐ µs about matÐ µrial, but thÐ µy arÐ µ so sÐ µvÐ µrÐ µly rÐ µprÐ µssÐ µd as to bÐ µ inadmissiblÐ µ to consciousnÐ µss, thÐ µ ad will again is likÐ µly to havÐ µ no Ð µffÐ µct. HowÐ µvÐ µr, for thÐ µ viÐ µwÐ µr who possÐ µssÐ µs thÐ µ rÐ µprÐ µssÐ µd wish at thÐ µ lÐ µvÐ µl of fantasy hÐ µrÐ µ wÐ µ havÐ µ a possibility that thÐ µ drÐ µam-matÐ µrial will awakÐ µn thÐ µ dormant wish and producÐ µ an action; spÐ µcifically, thÐ µ possibility of product purch asÐ µ as an Ð µxchangÐ µ of thÐ µ symptom for thÐ µ idÐ µas. In conclusion, if thÐ µ viÐ µwÐ µr of an ad is sÐ µÃ µn as acting in thÐ µ rolÐ µ of a drÐ µamÐ µr, will thÐ µ wish fulfillmÐ µnt Ð µmbÐ µddÐ µd in thÐ µ ad's disguisÐ µd drÐ µam thoughts havÐ µ a psychically activating Ð µffÐ µct? ThÐ µrÐ µ arÐ µ thrÐ µÃ µ possiblÐ µ trajÐ µctoriÐ µs: If thÐ µ viÐ µwÐ µr is hÐ µalthy, which is has no rÐ µprÐ µssÐ µd wishÐ µs rÐ µgarding thÐ µ mattÐ µr, thÐ µ answÐ µr is no. If thÐ µ viÐ µwÐ µr doÐ µs havÐ µ rÐ µprÐ µssÐ µd wishÐ µs about matÐ µrial, but thÐ µy arÐ µ so sÐ µvÐ µrÐ µly rÐ µprÐ µssÐ µd as to bÐ µ inadmissiblÐ µ to consciousnÐ µss, thÐ µ ad will again is likÐ µly to havÐ µ no Ð µffÐ µct. HowÐ µvÐ µr, for thÐ µ viÐ µwÐ µr who possÐ µssÐ µs thÐ µ rÐ µprÐ µssÐ µd wish at thÐ µ lÐ µvÐ µl of fantasy hÐ µrÐ µ wÐ µ havÐ µ a possibility that thÐ µ drÐ µam-matÐ µrial will awakÐ µn thÐ µ dormant wish and producÐ µ an action; spÐ µcifically, thÐ µ possibi lity of product purchasÐ µ as an Ð µxchangÐ µ of thÐ µ symptom for thÐ µ rÐ µprÐ µssÐ µd idÐ µas.

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buy custom Nectar in a Sieve essay The novel Nectar in a Sieve is a fictional work. It is written by Kamala Markandanya. The novel is set in India. It is about a young girl whose name is Rukmani. She is the youngest daughter in her family. Rukmani also known as Ruku is married off by her family at a very early age. The man she marries is called Nathan. Nathan is not wealthy and is a tenant farmer. In India the women usually marry men; therefore they have to pay dowry to a man for him to agree to marry a woman. Ruku's family was not wealthy and therefore they had to settle for an average tenant farmer. The story develops as Ruku continues to lead her life. She struggles with poverty and eviction. Throughout the novel she gets from one problem to another. The novel though ends on a brighter note for her and finally she has hope that life will be better. The author has used several literal devices in the novel. This essay will focus on these literal devices and issues such as culture, politics and human rights in the nov el. Discussion Kamala Markandanya was born in 1924 in a city called Bangalore. She was fortunate to be born in a Brahmin caste. This is the highest level in the Hindu religion. Kamala attended the University of Madras, after which she took a job in a small newspaper, where she was a writer. Kamala was born in the city but she learnt the rural life of India. She later moved to England where she married an Englishman. Kamala had written a few novels but her first novel to be published was Nectar in a Sieve. It was published in the year 1954. She wrote some other novels, which are Some Inner Fury and a Silence of Desire. Most of her novels are about life in India and culture of this country. The setting of the book is in the rural areas. It shows how people in the rural areas lead their lives. The book was also set during a time when India had just emerged from the colonial rule. Nathan, the husband of Ruku, is a farmer and he owns a piece of land, it is this piece of land that the family depends on. They farm here and eat products from this land. In India at this era of time most people were living in the rural areas. They mainly depended on rice and vegetables for food. The people, living in the rural areas, live in simplicity. Most of them are not well of. The book describes how these villagers live in mud huts that are thatched with grass. Development is approaching this rural area and it brings with it negative effects. Ruku is especially against this development. The development comes in the form of a tannery. Its efforts to expand ends up in taking land from the villagers. Nathan is a victim where his land is taken piece by piece until he has none left. The narration of the story is in the first person narration. Ruku is the narrator of the story. She is an old woman when she begins the story. She then proceeds to narrate the story as a flashback or a reflection of her life. She first informs the reader that in the present she is at peace, but things have not always been like that. The first person narration enables the reader to see things through the Ruku's eyes. The reader also experiences the feelings that Ruku is experiencing. The first person narration is also advantageous as it helps the reader develop empathy for the protagonist. The first person narration helps retain the originality of the story. If for instance the book was written in the third person narration, like an observer it would loose its originality. The first person narration is able to portray more than the story. It is through the first person narration we are able to know the thoughts of Ruku. The problem though with first narration is that it overshadows the other characters. Also the narrator may be bias and influence the reader's thoughts about issues in the story. The writer uses characters to help her deliver the story well. These characters usually are of different types. They include; the protagonist. The protagonist is the character whose life the story revolves around. This character creates the plot of the story. They are like the main characters of the story. In this novel, the protagonist is Ruku. The story is about her life from when she is married to Nathan, it continues with the introduction of other characters that help shape the story. There is also the antagonist. This is the character or force that opposes the protagonist. The fact is that the antagonist does not always have to be a character. There are other instances that usually have more than one antagonist. In this story the antagonist is not well developed and therefore not easy to identify. The antagonist though is the forces of change that keep opposing Ruku and her family to lead a good life. The coming of development and the change from the rural life to urban life as the industries continue to grow. These antagonists have made Ruku's life to be full of hardship. She seems to be jumping from one hardship right into another. The other characters in the book are major and minor characters. In this novel the major character apart from Ruku is, Nathan, who is the husband to Ruku. There is also Ira; she is the eldest of Ruku's children. She too struggles in life; she marries then later divorces with her husband. She later turns to prostitution so as to save her smaller brother from dying of hunger. Kenny and Ruku's fifth son Selvam is also major characters. Kenny is a foreigner but manages to get close to Ruku. He is a frequent visitor to the village. He later opens a hospital, where Selvam gets to work. The minor characters are the other sons of Ruku. Two of them join the tannery, where they get jobs. They are shown to embrace modernity by getting jobs at the tannery. They do this knowing that their mother is against it (Snclair 75). There is also Kunthi, who is almost of the same age as Ruku. She is quiet and aloof. To the villagers she is sad to have married beneath her class and unlike Ruku she never accepts her marriage and is therefore not comfortable. Kuli is also a minor character, who is different from Ruku as he has joy and hope amidst his difficulties. All characters in the book have enabled the author to narrate the story well; each character plays a role and all this roles combined help the book to properly develop. The theme of the story is about hope. The author wants to show the importance of hope in times of struggle. This is shown by how Ruku even after all the struggles, has hope that things will become better. In the first part of the book she and her husband are filled with hope that even if they do not own the land they cultivate they will one day. Ruku believes that man was given the sprit to rise above his struggles. The book may have been directed to the struggle that India was experiencing due to the colonial rule. The author wants to show the reader that things eventually get better with hope in life. Another theme looming in the book is that of fear. This is because the villagers do not know what will come tomorrow. Ruku and her husband are in fear of what might happen. They fear of what will happen to them when they lose their land. There is also the fear of the changes occurring in the village. The villagers are worried of what the introduction of the tannery will do to their village. Although some are optimistic that they will get jobs in the factory, Ruku is not happy with the tannery. The villagers live in fear and hope, Ruku says that she is not sure which one was stronger (Markandanya 78). The story is written in a reflective mood. This is demonstrated at the beginning where Ruku starts by informing the reader that she is well at present. She then falls into a flashback of those old times. This mode is used by the author to emphasis its theme of hope. It starts by showing that things are fine at present but it is due to hope that Ruku has been able to endure all the struggles. The mood also shows that the book is set in a historic time, when things were different from the present. If the book was written using a different mood it would not have had the impact the author intended to. The author has also used imagery in the book. Imagery is defined as an author's attempt to create a certain picture in the mind of the reader. Imagery is best displayed by use of images in books, but most novels do not usually have pictures, especially fictional ones. It is therefore upon the author to use the right words and style to bring out the right image. In this novel the author has been able to portray the life that the villagers were living in. The reader can also feel their way of life and what they believe in. Ruku narrates the state of their houses in a way that the reader is able to see the house well in their mind. The author also uses the literal device of symbolism. The book is set at a time when there is massive change all over India. There is an increase in urban development. Also, the British colonists are trying to bring changes to the citizens of India. In the novel the tannery is used as a symbol .it stands for change. The way the characters in the novel react to the tannery shows how they react to change (Sinclair 84). They are those who embrace the coming of the tannery, Ruku's sons included. Others like Ruku are strongly opposing the tannery. Nathan is seen trying to persuade hi s wife to accept this change since it is inevitable. The plot of the story is structured into two parts. The first part is mostly about Ruku's marriage life. The second part is about the efforts of Ruku and her family to seek refuge from their son in the city. The first chapters of the novel start when Ruku is married off to Nathan. They then travel to Nathan's place. In these chapters Ruku narrates to us how her arranged marriage results to an intimate and loving marriage. This chapter shows as Ruku transforms from a little girl to a woman who is now a good wife to Nathan. The plot proceeds to show how, Ruku gets a first born then becomes infertile. After a challenge she is able to give birth to other kids who are all sons. The children grow up and they all take their different routes in life. Some sons get employment at the tannery. Murugan, their third son goes off to the city to become a servant. Ira, the daughter, gets married and later is divorced. Ruku and her husband lose their land to the tannery and they have to move from the village. The second part of the plot shows the attempt of Ruku and her family to go to the city to their son. The son they are searching for is nowhere to be found. They are then forced to take up work at a quarry. Here, they work as stonebreakers to earn money for food. Nathan though dies and Ruku has to go to her home village. She is accompanied by Puli. She settles there with her daughter and her youngest son. The plot has been developed in a way that things moves from being worse to becoming better. Additionally, the author has also used the technique of conflict in the novel. There is conflict present between Ruku and the changes that present themselves. Ruku is mostly in conflict with the introduction of the tannery. There is also conflict between Ruku and her sons. They do not agree with their mother about the tannery. This is demonstrated when the sons seek out jobs at the tannery. Ruku struggles with this conflict until she and her husband resolves the conflict. They do this by moving away from their land, although Nathan later dies, Ruku resettles iin her home village (Markandanya 114). It is while here that things start to look brighter and actually get better. The author has also greatly illustrated the culture of the people in the novel. Culture is a wide term that covers various aspects of life. This includes; food, religion, beliefs and the way of life. Most of the characters in the story are land tenants. Just like Nathan, they do not own the land that they toil on. The tenants also largely depend on food from their farms for food. This is why when floods occur, most of their products are destroyed and they have to endure drought. Their staple food is rice, which they mix with vegetables. The religion of the most of the characters is Hinduism. This people in the book are portrayed to follow their religion faithfully. They will not agree to go out of what the religion demands of them. The Hindu religion requires women to pay for their dowry. Ruku is married off to a poor man, because even if she was the daughter of the headmen they could not afford a richer man. This is because the parents do not have enough money left after marrying off the sisters to wealthy men. Ruku though is able to understand the diversity of religion in the world as she interacts with a Muslim friend (Markandanya 54). The novel is used to show the situation that was present in India. There was a presence of Muslim in the country although they were a minority. Marriage is also a part of culture. Marriage is important as it determines the movement from one caste to another. It also ensures a good future for one's children. In the novel it is important to marry above one's level or a man who is of the same level as a woman. When a woman marries beneath her level, it means that she moves from an upper caste to a lower one. Ruku marries a man who is under her level. At the beginning she is not very comfortable and she gets disappointed upon seeing her husband house. Kunthi too marries below her level. She is so unhappy that she keeps letting everyone know that she married beneath her level. Nevertheless, Ruku is able to get used to her new level. The caste system in India is very important part of their culture. If the writer was to write the novel and not include this in the book, it would lack its originality of being set in India. The problem though is that the author belonged to the highest caste and in the book she focused on the lower ca ste. The novel has been able to portray a history of India. It shows a shift of India's economic and cultural situation. The novel is in a setting when the British have just finished ruling India. Although this is not stated openly, the book does imply this historical time. It shows the movement of younger people from the reliance of farming to industry. Many young people in the book including Ruku's sons seek employment in the tannery (Markandanya 65). It is also a time where rural areas are being transformed to urban areas. The theme of hope is signifies independence of India from the colonial rule. As the book ends on a brighter note, maybe the author signifies that India has finally achieved independence. The political situation after the British rule immensely influenced the story in the novel. During this time the British colonial rule had transformed India. Industrialization was increasing. They also introduced an educational system that was making the youth more liberal. They were more aware of their freedom than before. The British also introduced capitalism, the rich started to own more land while the poor lost property. They became poorer and were living in poor conditions. These aspects are included in the book. The author for instance shows the spread of industrialization with the tannery. It also shows how the poor were suffering due to the changes. The problem though is that the author does not clearly bring out the aspect of politics, which is clearly an issue at the time she writes the book. The book also addresses some human rights issue. The main issue though is starvation or hunger. The novel shows how the characters in the book depend on the farms for their livelihood. The food they eat is received from the farms that they led. The people also depend on the rain for them to grow their crop. When the rain fails or comes in plenty it spoils their crop. This leads to them experiencing famine. There is hunger experienced by the people living in the rural areas. They do not have anyone who comes to their rescue. Instead they are forced to turn to new means of getting food. It should be the government's responsibility to cater for their own in such times; this is not the case in the book. People are left to suffer, others even die of starvation. Ruku's daughter is even forced into prostitution so that she can get food for her siblings. It is unbelievable, the treatment of important human rights like food are taken very lightly. Conclusion The book, Nectar in a Sieve, is about a woman called Ruku and her struggles in life during rapidly changing times in India. The author has used several literary aspects to bring out the story well. These includes: plot, character, imagery, the first person narration and themes. The writer in the book is also able to show the culture of the characters in terms of religion, marriage and practices too. Although not directly, the book also touches on the political issue in India at the time the book was being written. The book is a good fictional book, well written by the author to especially bring out the theme of hope. The book shows the reader the importance of hope and how human beings without hope are not going to lead a full life. It also tells us not to give up easily. Buy custom Nectar in a Sieve essay

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Madagascar - Essay Example The population of Madagascar in 2012 was 22,293,914 (â€Å"Madagascar-Population†). Food in Madagascar comprises rice as an essential element. The national dish of Madagascar is Ramazava which is made with mixed greens and beef sautà ©ed with onion, tomato, and ginger. Although Malagasy food is reasonably spicy for the most part, yet Piri-Piri is an extremely spicy pepper paste commonly used in Malagasy food (â€Å"Madagascar: Food†). Ancestors in the Madagascar society remained united and were against segregation. Forming a wonderful amalgamation of language, religion, and tradition, these ancestors set the pattern of modern culture in Madagascar. The contemporary society of Madagascar is a fine blend of modernism and traditionalism. Malagasy is the main language spoken in Madagascar and the origin of this language is linked with Maanyan that is the language of South Eastern Borneo (â€Å"Society and Culture†). Cargo boats are the main transport means on the northeast coast of Madagascar. They are not very safe means of transport particularly when they are overloaded. Boat travel is unsafe on the east coast specially during the rainy season. International Driving Permit (IDP) is required to drive car or motorcycle in Madagascar. MadaBus is a long-distance bus company that operates on Tamatave and Toliar routes (â€Å"Getting around†). Formal education appeared in Madagascar in the modern sense for the first time in 1820 when a school was established in Antananarivo by the missionary David Jones from the London Missionary Society (â€Å"Education in Madagascar†). Madagascar is one of the poorest countries of the world in spite of its cultural and biological richness mainly because of economic colonialism, kleptocractic rule, lack of infrastructure, and lack of adequate educational system (â€Å"Why is

Cayce Pollard and the significance of logos and advertizing in pattern Essay

Cayce Pollard and the significance of logos and advertizing in pattern recognition - Essay Example In the book, â€Å"Pattern Recognition,† by William Gibson, there is a direct reference to aesthetics and how these link to logos and advertising. This is defined by the perspective of Cayce Pollard and her ability to recognize the meanings that are surrounding the various logos and ads. Identifying the advertising and logos and seeing how this relates to communicating different ideas is important not only in the identity of Cayce Pollard and in the ideologies behind trends. The logos become significant with the ability to show how the perspectives which Cayce holds also influence the basic functions and patterns in society and what is expected from various individuals. The Story of Cayce Pollard as a Cool Hunter The characteristics of Cayce are one which is able to point out and define logos, colors, trends and fashions from the aesthetic viewpoint. Cayce is important in the book because of these recognitions and the ability to take the regular images, logos and trends and allows them to stand out. This concept is one which can be defined as a cool hunter, meaning that the character has the capability of finding trends through images and knowing what works and what only becomes segmented into the pattern. The pattern is defined as an image that states the same message or level of communication through the color, shapes and other ideas that are represented. In Cayce’s understanding, there are very few logos that stand out, which is what causes them to become patterns. For instance, when looking at a variety of fragrances, Cayce is given the special slant of needing to find something that stands out while noticing that all follow repetition in the communication and message that is used. â€Å"Zaprudered into surreal dimensions of purest speculation, ghost narratives have emerged and taken on shadowy but determined lives of their own, but Cayce is familiar with them all, and steers clear† (Gibson, 24). This example shows how Cayce recognizes the patterns of logos, advertisements and the sameness that each brings, while trying to find something which stands out from the usual aesthetic repetition. The approach which Cayce takes begins with finding the denotational meaning, or symbolism. The symbolism is based on finding the colors of various objects, all which are used to describe and signify something about an individual, trend or logo. This is combined with the belief that each item which one has tries to say something or several things to create meaning. This is noted from the beginning when Cayce introduces her fashion as well as other comparisons and how this relates to patterns of how one thinks and acts. â€Å"Dorotea may have attempted to out  œ minimalize her this morning, Cayce decides. If so, it hasn’t worked. Dorotea’s black dress, for all is apparent simplicity, is still trying to say several things at once, probably in at least three languages† (Gibson, 10). The symbolism which is seen from the viewpoint of Cayce includes color for simplicity, making statements with styles and trends and using this to convey a specific message in different languages. The denotational meanings Cayce finds leads to her being a cool hunter, meaning that she can find something that stands out from regular patterns. She has the natural ability to see trends and ideas that continue to make specific statements about an individual or company. The second way in which Cayce creates meaning and becomes a cool hunter is by looking at the connotative meaning. This is done by looking the words, ideas or the significance behind different concepts or objects. Cayce believes that this is able to show more than the basic and super ficial ideologies, but moves into deeper levels of the object. For instance, wh