How to Write a Case Study Analysis for Business School

When writing a business case study analysis, you must first have a good understanding of the case study. Before you begin the steps below, read the business case carefully, taking notes all the while. It may be necessary to read the case several times to get all of the details and fully grasp the issues facing the group, company, or industry. As you are reading, do your best to identify key issues, key players, and the most pertinent facts. After you are comfortable with the information, use the following step-by-step instructions (geared toward a single-company analysis) to write your report. To write about an industry, just adapt the steps listed here to discuss the segment as a whole. Step 1: Investigate the Company’s History and Growth A company’s past can greatly affect the present and future state of the organization. To begin, investigate the company’s founding, critical incidents, structure, and growth. Create a timeline of events, issues, and achievements. This timeline will come in handy for the next step.   Step 2: Identify Strengths and Weaknesses Using the information you gathered in step one, continue by examining and making a list of the value creation functions of the company. For example, the company may be weak in product development but strong in marketing. Make a list of problems that have occurred and note the effects they have had on the company. You should also list areas where the company has excelled. Note the effects of these incidents as well. Youre essentially conducting a partial  SWOT analysis  to get a better understanding of the companys strengths and weaknesses. A SWOT analysis involves documenting things like internal strengths (S) and weaknesses (W)  and  external opportunities (O) and threats (T).   Step 3: Examine the External Environment The third step involves identifying opportunities and threats within the company’s external environment. This is where the second part of the SWOT analysis (the O and the T)  comes into play. Special items to note include competition within the industry, bargaining powers, and the threat of substitute products. Some examples of opportunities include expansion into new markets or new technology. Some examples of threats include  increasing competition and higher interest rates. Step 4: Analyze Your Findings Using the information in steps 2 and 3, create an evaluation for this portion of your case study analysis. Compare the strengths and weaknesses within the company to the external threats and opportunities. Determine if the company is in a strong competitive position, and decide if it can continue at its current pace successfully. Step 5: Identify Corporate-Level Strategy To identify a company’s corporate-level strategy, identify and evaluate the company’s mission, goals, and actions toward those goals. Analyze the company’s line of business and its subsidiaries and acquisitions. You also want to debate the pros and cons of the company strategy to determine whether or not a change might benefit the company in the short or long term.​ Step 6: Identify Business-Level Strategy Thus far, your case study analysis has identified the company’s corporate-level strategy. To perform a complete analysis, you will need to identify the company’s business-level strategy. (Note: If it is a single business, without multiple companies under one umbrella, and not an industry-wide review, the corporate strategy and the business-level strategy are the same.) For this part, you should identify and analyze each company’s competitive strategy, marketing strategy, costs, and general focus. Step 7: Analyze Implementations This portion requires that you identify and analyze the structure and control systems that the company is using to implement its business strategies. Evaluate organizational change, levels of hierarchy, employee rewards, conflicts, and other issues that are important to the company you are analyzing. Step 8: Make Recommendations The final part of your case study analysis should include your recommendations for the company. Every recommendation you make should be based on and supported by the context of your analysis. Never share hunches or make a baseless recommendation. You also want to make sure that your suggested solutions are actually realistic. If the solutions cannot be implemented due to some sort of restraint, they are not realistic enough to make the final cut. Finally, consider some of the alternative solutions that you considered and rejected. Write down the reasons why these solutions were rejected.   Step 9: Review Look over your analysis when you have finished writing. Critique your work to make sure every step has been covered. Look for grammatical errors, poor sentence structure, or other things that can be improved. It should be clear, accurate, and professional. Business Case Study Analysis Tips Keep these strategic tips in mind: Know the case study ​backward and forward before you begin your case study analysis.Give yourself enough time to write the case study analysis. You dont want to rush through it.Be honest in your evaluations. Dont let personal issues and opinions cloud your judgment.Be analytical, not descriptive.Proofread your work, and even let a test reader give it a once-over for dropped words or typos that you no longer can see.

Analysis Of The Article On Being An Atheist - 1558 Words

Susana Stewart: Instructor: Course: Date: INTRODUCTION The question of God’s existence has been challenged by many philosophers and non-philosophers alike over the years. Arguments that have been used to support the existence of a divine being includes; the cosmological argument and the theological argument. However, there are some who oppose these arguments and philosopher H.J. McCloskey is among this group. In the article â€Å"On Being an Atheist† written by H.J. McCloskey, he argues that both these arguments are false and insufficient as it relates to â€Å"proof† of God’s existence. McCloskey believes that without proper proof, we must completely dismiss the idea of God’s existence. In his well-written article, he offers a few reasons why he believes that atheism is a much more comfortable belief versus, a belief in a God who allows the suffering of his people. He suggested that the problem of evil and the fact that evil exists meant that God could not exist. McCloskey urges that people should just help each other rather than, placing their faith in a God that is clearly imperfect due to the imperfect world that he has created. Credible as McCloskey may be, I saw many errors in his theory. It is my opinion that his attempt to define God is completely unsound, and his philosophy is at best debatable. In this response paper, I will be carefully examining each argument and also presenting a counter argument. I will be taking the stance from the perspective of a minimal theism whoShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Article On Being An Atheist 1504 Words   |  7 PagesTheists and atheists have debated the existence of God for eons. Is there a God? If there is an all-powerful, omniscient being of sorts, then what proof do we have that he exists? If God does exist then why is there so much evil in the world? Why do innocent people suffer? Such questions may never be answered definitively. In the article â€Å"On Being an Atheist,† H.J. McCloskey presents some arguments made by theists in favor of the existence of God and then proceeds to debate those arguments from anRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article On Being An Atheist 1538 Words   |  7 Pagesexistence of a divine being includes the cosmological argument and the theological argument. However there are some who oppose these arguments and philosopher H.J. McCloskey is among this group. In the article â€Å"On Being an Atheist† written by H.J. McCloskey, he argues that both these arguments are false and insufficient as it relates to â€Å"proof† of God’s existence. McCloskey believes that without proper proof, we must completely dismiss the idea of God’s existence. In his well-written article he offers a fewRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article On Being An Atheist1136 Words   |  5 Pages H. J McCloskey in his article, On Being an Atheist, is trying to show the readers are more reasonable and comfortable belief than that of Christianity. In the article he also puts up an ar gument concerning two theistic point of which is the cosmological and teleological argument. McCloskey also talks about the problems resulting from all the evil in the world. He goes as far to point out this evil in a world the God had made and blames God for it. Due to that fact and other issues, he believesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article On Being An Atheist 1634 Words   |  7 PagesH.J. McCloskey is an author who expresses his belief in atheism through his work. In 1968, He published an article called, â€Å"On Being an Atheist†. His view of God and the Christian belief is well thought out and addressed, however, in this essay I will be responding to some of his atheistic views and will be attempting to respond to them from a theistic worldview approach. In the article McCloskey, chooses to use the word â€Å"proof† instead of the word â€Å"theory†. By doing this he is making his argumentRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article On Being An Atheist 1290 Words   |  6 Pagesexistence of a divine being includes the cosmological argument and the theological argument. However there are some who oppose these arguments and philosopher H.J. McCloskey is among this group. In the article â€Å"On Being an Atheist† written by H.J. McCloskey, he argues that both these arguments are false and insufficient as it relates to â€Å"proof† of God’s existence. McCloskey believes that without proper proof, we must completely dismiss the idea of God’s existence. In his well-written article he offers a fewRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article On Being An Atheist 1794 Words   |  8 PagesH. J. McCloskey wrote the article â€Å"On Being an Atheist† in 1968 giving his reasons for rejecting God. He attempts to define God all while dismissing Him at the same time. He focuses on one of the most difficult things to explain in general which is evil and suffering in the world, yet we claim to have a perfect, and loving God. Though McCloskey desires proof and critiques the cosmological and teleological arguments against Gods existence, the most reasonable explanation for the universe itself isRead MoreAnalysis Of The Short Article On Being An Atheist 1714 Words   |  7 Pagesof Evil H. J. McCloskey is the author of the short article â€Å"On Being an Atheist†. He has also written many more books on the support of atheism. For this essay we will be looking at his article â€Å"On Being an Atheist†. In his article, McCloskey examines many Christian arguments for the existence of God. McCloskey not only says that Christians are wrong in using these arguments but he critically analyzes them from the view point of a devout atheist. While H. J. McCloskey gives his strong beliefs onRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article On Being An Atheist By H. J. Gilman1664 Words   |  7 PagesIn the article, â€Å"On Being an Atheist† by H. J. McCloskey’s, he makes several arguments as â€Å"proof† of God’s non-existence to support his atheism. He attacks arguments made by advocates on the existence of God. The arguments argued by Theist are not arguments for proof of God’s existence but are arguments for definitive beliefs of Godâ €™s existence. Any argument on proving the Almighty God’s existence is unsatisfactory. The Theist does not attempt to offer â€Å"proof† of God’s existence but rather offerRead MoreArticle Analysis of H J McCloskeys On Being an Atheist2019 Words   |  8 PagesIn some ways, it is refreshing to read H.J. McCloskeys article, On Being an Atheist. Most people assume atheists are simple nihilists who do not subscribe to any sort of convictions or beliefs. The authors text, however, refutes this conventional viewpoint by producing several reasons for embracing atheism, many of which are studied and labored counterarguments to typical claims of theists. The most important part of this essay is found in its opening paragraphs, in which the author makes a veryRead MoreThere s No Heaven By Salman Rushdie930 Words   |  4 Pagesof the same feelings as those expressed by author Salman Rushdie in his article Imagine There s No Heaven. In his article, Rushdie explains to his readers the faults with religion and explains to them how religion itself is holding humankind back from achieving much greater. Authors like Akinfenwa Oluwaseun also share supporting views and provide important evidence that support Rushdie s argument. In Oluwaseun s article, The Role of Religion in Modern Society: Masses Opium or Tool for Development

Reader Responses Free Essays

Real Relationships Fahrenheit 451 , written by Ray Bradbury, introduces many motifs to the reader. One of them being television. Television isn’t the problem, but the over-indulging was the thing that hurt the many relationships of this book. We will write a custom essay sample on Reader Responses or any similar topic only for you Order Now Having so much technology and instant satisfaction at one’s fingertips can be deadly. Specifically, so many people watch It because It’s an escape from the viewer’s real life. They don’t have to face their problems. Without problems being faced, relationships are being less cared about, and less emotions are rolling to the reface. As In Fahrenheit 451 , the protagonist Montage’s wife Mildred attempted seclude because of her great pain and Inability to confront her sad life. As the book says, the only attachment she has, Is to the â€Å"family on her favorite television show. In article â€Å"Face Time vs.. Screen Time†, written by Chancre Johnson, researchers found that people, especially teens are communicating with their families more, but with less emotions. Parenting expert Denies Daniels says, â€Å"These kids aren’t connecting emotionally. Just like in Fahrenheit 451, no one in this futuristic society was connecting emotionally. They would talk about things that would happen, but not why. They never wondered. They were never emotional. Dry Kate Roberts says, â€Å"Families text rather than have conversations. We’re living in a culture of sound bites, and that is not developing our verbal skills or our emotional intelligence. † Like in the book, a character, Mrs.. Bowels (Milliard’s friend) has obviously had problems with emotional attachment, emotional intelligence, and communicating with her cabanas/past husbands. She had one divorce, one husband killed in a car accident, and another that has committed suicide. Not to mention that both of her kids utterly despise her. If she wasn’t so superficial and had good verbal skills and emotional intelligence, she would be liked. This isn’t necessarily her fault though, because this is a normal thing in this books society. Compared to the article, it is talking about real life too! This isn’t part of a science fiction book anymore, this is slowly happening to our society. We are losing our communication skills. And if we cannot turn technology off more often, we are likely to lose the people we love. Reader Responses for Fahrenheit 451 By Audrey-Scrooges Fahrenheit 451, written by Ray Bradbury, introduces many motifs to the reader. Deadly. Specifically TV, so many people watch it because it’s an escape from the viewer’s real life. They don’t have to face their problems. Without problems being faced, relationships are being less cared about, and less emotions are rising to the surface. As in Fahrenheit 451, the protagonist Montage’s wife Mildred attempted suicide because of her great pain and inability to confront her sad life. As the book says, the only attachment she has, is to the â€Å"family’ on her favorite television show. With less emotions. Parenting expert Denies Daniels says, â€Å"These kids aren’t connecting emotionally. † Just like in Fahrenheit 451 , no one in this futuristic society despise her. If she wasn’t so superficial and had good verbal skills and emotional life too! This isn’t part of a science fiction book anymore, this is slowly happening to How to cite Reader Responses, Papers

Kanye West, leader of the zeitgeist free essay sample

Kanye west is a man of many talents. He is a musician, songwriter, record producer, film director, and fashion designer. West suggests that his music is more advanced than any other of our time. He’s going to raise above our culture limitations and revolutionize the bar for good rap music. But should Kanye West be the leader of the zeitgeist? Yes Kanye should be the leader of the zeitgeist because he captures the zeitgeist of the modern male, he is larger than life in an endearing human way, and he lives by his own morals. Kanye is shaping the way male in his generation dresses. In his XXL article multiple Grammy winner Kanye West says â€Å"I even do the ultimate ta boo of hip-hop and actually wear my pants on my waist†. West image has gone against what hip-hop traditionally considers normal, and he has influenced a lot of what define the normal male look. We will write a custom essay sample on Kanye West, leader of the zeitgeist or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Kanye also has good taste. The clothes he wear are what male of this generation think are fashionable. Kanye said ‘’ my biggest goal is to be anchored in taste and beauty; He had done bad things but he will start to apply good taste. † He is strinving to be the best at what he does. Kanye will continue to change people’s view of hip- hop and he will continue to define the modern day male. Changing the look of modern male isn’t all West is good at doing. He is good at seeing himself as bigger than life and making people believes that he is. At the VMA in 2009, when West interrupted Taylor Swift and said â€Å"Beyonce had the best record of the year she should have won. †This was yet another episode on a growing list of outrageous self aggrandizing scenes. Most people were angry at him for doing that, but it’s moments like this that make West seem so endearing. He is a character, but people still see themselves in him. By saying what he said, West was being god in his own way. He was thinking just because he say what he believed, it might changed the outcome but he just came out looking like an egotistic person. His actions and his ego is what make Kanye who he is. Kanye mention ‘’ a lot of time my ego is the armor. † West used his big ego to hide behind, but he realized that to be a different man to be a better leader he has to change his ways of thinking and by changing he will continue to make people perceive him as superior than life. Therefore, by Kanye changing the way he thinks and acts, it may have seemed that he had lived the life of two men. The pain Kanye lived through had shaped him into the man he is today. West say â€Å"God put him through so much its help turn him into this soldier. † West was pushed through life quickly. He experienced things that many people will never experience in their life time. He took these experiences and changed into a skilled warrior. Furthermore Kanye lives by his own set of principles. Kanye state â€Å"I would rise everything to express what I felt was the truth. † Kanye isn’t concern with what people thinks of him. What he believes is that he is speaking the truth, therefore he speakes his mind; He is productive also outspoken. It is part of Kanye West’s job to tell people the truth about himself, just like it is part of his job to make great song’’ said David Samuels author of the Atlantic American Mozart. Samuels was uttering that Kanye is a man of facts and reality. He speaks his mind in ways many people don’t and he speaks his mind in the music he creates which is what make his songs so great. Samuels would also compare Kanya to the Mozart’s of this generation. Samuels was saying when Kanya raps the audience feel every word he speaks. His word speaks to the audience of his generation the same way Mozart music had spoken to the audience of his generation. The same way Mozart had changed the way his generation listened to music, Kayan is doing the same for his generation. Kanya is influencing the culture the same way a good zeitgeist leader would. It seems that Kanye’s goal is to be identified as the zeitgeist of his generation. Thus, Kanye West should be Consider a zeitgeist leader of this period , he is an influential man, a strong individual and a forthright man. These are all the characteristics people need and looks for in a great leader.

Aldi Forecasting free essay sample

The time series forecasting method is part of the quantitative forecasting method in which the analysis of historical data; usually measured within successive intervals or over successive periods is used. The time series forecasting method makes use of assumptions of past patterns observable within data, data points from which data is derived from for the forecasting. Casual forecasting utilizes either known or perceived relationships between the factors of forecast and either internal or external factors. The peculiarity of the German market when it comes to getting information for forecasting purposes for Aldi therefore calls for a combination of the three types of forecasting techniques in order to effectively and efficiently meets the customers’ requirements (forecasting, n. d). This is necessitated by the peculiarity of the market where not too much information is available from an academic angle. The Delphi method as well as market research within the qualitative research method would be useful when utilizing panels of experts, test markets and surveys to gather required information that can be put together to aid in forecasting. We will write a custom essay sample on Aldi Forecasting or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Being a new market in which the American retail store has no previous experience in, the questions asked would be administered anonymously. This is an expensive and time consuming exercise, but in comparison to the amount of investment Aldi is to put into the market, would be a worthwhile avenue to consider. Using asset of observable elements within the time-series forecasting technique would involve the analysis of historical data and subsequently use assumptions that would be derived from any observable patterns in the past. The use of moving averages, exponential smoothing, mathematical models, and the box-Jenkins methods are part of the time series technique which could be used to utilize observable elements and trends from historical data gathered. Since historical data is being relied upon to forecast the future, the use of mathematical formulas would serve its due purpose of attempting to get an accurate outcome and best-fit result in the forecasts within the German market. Worth noting would be to take note of the componenets within the time series technique that would be most useful for analytical purposes. The use of averages, trends (historical), seasonal influences, cyclical movements and random errors would be used to utilize long-terms and short-term variables for forecasting. Combining the time-series and qualitative forecasting method with the casual forecasting method in which the use of variables with similar characteristics would serve for the best forecasting result. Casual forecasting would also utilize the use of regression formulas, economic models, input-output models and simulation modeling so as to figure out the relating variables from within and also externally to the retail chain’s success. Improving Aldi’s supply chain management Based on the issues previously identified, Strategic Level The most dominant issues seem that aldi does not sufficiently exploit the potentials of collaborative suppliers’ relationship. By taking a more collaborative approach, major improvement could be made. One way is by embracing the concept of â€Å"Collaborative Planning, Forecasting and Replenishment† (CPFR) which have been developed and successfully employed by leading food retailers. It foresees that data is shared and discussed actively between retailers and suppliers, e. g. y producing joint forecast on annual production volumes, also considering foreseeable flunctuations. With a better understanding of the mutual dependencies, the planning basisi could be improve and complexity reduced. On the short term planning basis, making aviable sales data collected in-store 9from the scanner-equipped cash registers) to suppliers in real time allows suppliers to produce mo re accuratelty to the actual demand, and thus reducing cost for buffers and excess inventory (Trebilcock 006). Of course, Aldi will have to receive a certain share of these benefits.

Ecotourism In Socotra Natural Reserve Tourism Essay Essay Example

Ecotourism In Socotra Natural Reserve Tourism Essay Essay Example Ecotourism In Socotra Natural Reserve Tourism Essay Paper Ecotourism In Socotra Natural Reserve Tourism Essay Paper The focal point of this research will look into the factors influencing of local community engagement in planning and direction in ecotourism in Socotra Natural Reserve ( SNR ) . Based on the research inquiry that expresses the demand to develop and construe indexs for success, it is indispensable to direction in ecotourism ( SNR ) , which includes a assortment of factors such as societal economic, and environmental. The probe focuses on what is meaningful to persons and compares it to the industry. A research entails the application of assorted methods and techniques to make cognition through the usage of scientific methods and processs. Allison ( 1996 ) and Welman and Kruger ( 1999 ) define research as a systematic enquiry that is reported in a signifier that allowed the research methods and results to be accessible to others. Research besides involves seeking solutions to job or reply to inquiry. As stressed by Walman and Kruger ( 1999 ) , research job refers to some trouble that the research worker experiences in the context of either a theoretical or practical state of affairs. For the intent of this survey the research will utilize both quantitative and qualitative research methods. This is make up ones minding because touristry focal points on phenomena that occur in a existent universe scene, and because touristry as a field has many complex dimensions. Quantitative attack will use via a study behavior for local communities environing Socotra Natural Reserve. While qualitative attack will used chiefly with authorities, NOGs and leader of community. Specifically, the survey will use the in structured interviews. The qualitative attack is grounded the interpretative societal scientific disciplines paradigm. Qualitative signifiers of probe tend to be based on the acknowledgment on the of import of the aims experiential unrecorded universe of human existences. Such contemplation is the frame of phenomenology coverage ( Blanche A ; Durrheim, 1999 ) . Gilbert ( 1993 ) notes that qualitative methodological analysiss provide avenues that can take to the find of these deeper degrees of significance. Easterby-Smith ( 1991 ) describes the undertaking of the qualitative methodological analysiss as to capture what people say and how they interpret the complexness of their universe. It is an effort specifically, Jennings ( 2001 ) notes that the qualitative methodological analysis gathers information as text-based units, which represent the societal world, context and properties of the phenomenon under survey. Within the context of touristry research, Walle ( 1996 ) explained that qualitative or inductive research commences in empirical existent universe scenes where informations about the touristry phenomenon are gathered analyzed and theoretical concepts are either generated or modified. Research that utilizes qualitative methodological analysis usually draws on informations aggregation methods such as participant observation in-depth interviews and/or focal point group ( Jenninges, 2001 ) . As a effect of its implicit in paradigm qualitative research is subjective. It relies on the texts and discourses of participants and involves little figure of participants in the research procedure as a consequence of the procedure of garnering in-depth information ( Gunn, 1994 ) . Furthermore, because of the little figure of engagement qualitative research does non assume to stand for the wider population. Qualitative research enables researcher to show elaborate snapshots, as it are, of the participants under survey ( Finn et al. 2000 ) . Possibly one of the major restrictions of qualitative research and rating is the clip required for informations aggregation, analysis and reading. The research has to pass a considerable sum of clip in the research scene in order to analyze holistically and aggregately, the interactions, reactions and activities of topics ( Babbie, 1995 ) . The job of equal cogency and dependability is frequently a unfavorable judgment frequently leveled by quantitative research worker at qualitative methods. Because of the subjective nature of qualitative informations and its beginning in individual contexts, it is hard to use conventional criterions of dependability and cogency. Contexts, state of affairss, events, conditions and interactions can non be replicated to any extent, nor can generalisations be made to a wider context than the one studied with any grade of assurance. In short, the profusion, single and subjective nature of a participant s position and apprehension are non conformable to the usual scientific standard. However, Neuman ( 1994 ) argues that this does non do such understanding any less existent or valid for that participant. Quantitative research workers expect the qualitative research worker to show the cogency and dependability of claims, to show the generalization of experiencing run intoing the same standard as quantitative research. 3.2.2 Quantitative attack A quantitative research attack is grounded in the positive societal scientific disciplines paradigm, which chiefly reflects the scientific method of the natural scientific disciplines ( Jennings, 2001 ) . This paradigm adopts a deductive attack to the research procedure. In the touristry context it commences with theories, hypotheses or research inquiries about a peculiar touristry phenomenon. The attack gathers data from existent universe scenes and so analyses the informations statistically to back up or reject the hypotheses ( Welman A ; Kruger, 1999 ) . Researchs who adopt a more deductive attack usage theory to steer the design of the survey and the reading of consequences ( Neuman, 1994 ) . The overall aim is to prove or verify, instead than to develop one. Thus the theory offers a conceptual model for the full survey, functioning besides as an forming theoretical account for the research inquiries or hypotheses and for the full informations aggregation process ( Veal, 1997 ) . A quantitative methodological analysis abstracts data from the participants into statistical representations instead than textual images of the phenomenon. The full research procedure is objectively constructed, and the findings are normally representative of the population being studied. The chief strengths of the quantitative attack prevarication in preciseness and control of the methodological analysis. Control is achieved through the sampling and design, and supported by a dependable quantitative measuring or proving that can be employed within the methodological analysis. A farther strength is that experimentation leads to statement about causing, since the systematic use of one variable can be shown to hold direct causal consequence on another when other variables have been eliminated or controlled ( Babbie, 19995 ) . Furthermore, hypotheses are tested through a deductive attack, and the usage quantitative informations licenses statistical analysis ( Welman A ; Kruger, 1999 ) . The method therefore provides replies which have much firmer footing than a laic individual s common sense, intuition or sentiment. Other restriction of quantitative research reported by critics is that many research workers are concerned that the scientific quantitative attack denigrates human individualism and the ability to believe ( Jennings, 2001 ) . The research design for this probe is a quantitative and qualitative survey attack utilizing a study method. Anderson, Sweeney and Williams ( 2004 ) suggest that a quantitative research can reliably find if one thought or construct is better than the options. This method besides enables research workers to mensurate and command variables. Leedy and Ormrod ( 2005 ) concur that quantitative research is used to reply inquiries about relationships among mensural variables with the intent of explicating, foretelling, and commanding phenomena. Hence, the research design met the demands of this survey, as the research worker sought to supply dependable and valid results. The study method uses one mechanism to roll up informations from the population. The literature reappraisal in chapter two provides the theoretical and empirical footing for the current survey. The model is based on the old surveies which emphasized these factors. 3.3 Population and Sample As discussed before under the range of the survey, this research is confined to the local communities in the SNR in Yemen. Thus, the mark populations from local community are those who live around SNR. Harmonizing to RSCN functionary statistics, ( 2009 ) there are four small towns located around SNR and the population of occupant is 12,045 villagers. In footings of sample size, it was based on reexamining the research methodological analysis literature. Harmonizing to Kline ( 1998 ) the sample size must be at least 200 unite to see being big. Further, Roscoe ( 1975 ) highlighted that the most appropriate figure in most research should be larger than 30 and less than 500. Finally, Veal ( 2006 ) mentioned that when the populations are 10,000 the sample size should be at least 370 units, and for 500.00 populations and above the sample size should be 384 units. For the intent of this survey, and to take a safe figure of sample size, 400 units will be the sample survey because the populat ion is non widely dispersed, homogenous and non significantly different in footings of bomber groups size. The sampling besides takes into consideration the world that merely those willing and able to take part can be taken as respondents for survey with dismissing the nonreader and the immature. 3.4 Data aggregation This survey intends to look into the relationship of societal benefits, economic benefits and environment benefits with the degree of community engagement in ecotourism. The research worker will utilize a complimentary attack of utilizing both secondary and primary informations for this survey. The primary informations in this survey will be collected from the local communities in add-on governmental governments, NGOs and leader of community. A Likert graduated table questionnaire study is the chief instrument will utilize in garnering quantitative informations from the local communities it is designed by the research worker. For this survey, the research worker will take the clip emphasis and duties for the participants into history. In order to avoid these and troubles, following stairss would be taken: foremost the questionnaires will be dealt in confidentiality with participants to acquire more realistic, honest and blunt responses. Second, the questionnaire will be translated into Arabic linguistic communication to do them understood and more acceptable to the participants and 3rd ; the study will be conducted personally by the research worker in order to accomplish high degree of responses. Structured personal interviews will carry on with the governmental governments, NGOs responsible for ecotourism in Yemen and leader of community. Both study and interview informations are triangulated to supply a clearer position on the issue being studied. The secondary informations are identified in old surveies, which including surveies, articles, statistics, studies, conferences, books, maps, newspaper and other available resource. 3.5 Instrument Design 3.5.1 The Questionnaire The questionnaire is a common instrument for detecting informations beyond the physical accomplishment of the perceiver ( Leedy, 1997 ) . Riley et Al, ( 2000 ) , states that in a questionnaire, there are may be unfastened and closed inquiry. A closed inquiry is one where responses are restricted to a little set of responses that generate precise replies. Open-ended inquiry do non enforce limitations on the possible replies, but are hard to aggregate and computerise. However, the response is frequently of more value, and of more inside informations. Jancowitz ( 2000 ) notes that a construction inquiries that possess an component of maneuvering information from the respondent without any prompt from research worker. This is the method that will utilize in the questionnaire developed for this empirical survey. The questionnaire direction should guarantee that all respondents are treated every bit. Two rules form the foundation for good direction ; lucidity and courtesy. Anonymity is besides guaranting as the individuality of the respondent will non necessitate and an indicant of the name of the organisation is optional. Harmonizing to Finn et Al, ( 2000 ) , a questionnaire should non be excessively long and complicated. More pages with a clear and user-friendly layout are better than fewer pages with cramped and prohibiting layout. All of the above rules are following in planing the questionnaire. In add-on the bill of exchange questionnaire is pre-test in a pilot survey. In planing the questionnaire, a four point Likert-type graduated table will utilize. The Likert graduated table is the most widely used from of scaly points where the respondents chooses a point on a graduated table that best represents his/ her position ( Allison, 1996 ) . A four points Likert graduated table eliminates the natural or no sentiment options thereby coercing the respondents to bespeak clearly their sentiment. For this research will use study questionnaire in roll uping the primary informations from mark population. The questionnaire will utilize four points Likert graduated table i.e. 1 strongly disagree, 2 disagree, 3 agree and 4 strongly agree in order to hold more effects in acquiring decisive replies from respondents. The questionnaire for local communities will be divided into 4 pages the first will include general information about the aims of the survey. The 2nd page will be demographic information and information sing SNR related issues. The staying pages of th e questionnaire consist of 40 points design to research the attitudes of local communities and outlook towards ecotourism in SNR. 3.5.2 Personal Interview The research will use study interview in roll uping the primary informations from authorities, NGOs and leader of community via interviews. The interviews will be face to confront in-depth and will carry on in the office of the interviewees. Interviews will enter with the permission of each participant. Dialogue through interviews will provides elaborate information about issues impacting them refering the planning and direction of SNR. The aim of the interview is to understand the function of authorities and NGOs in planning of SNR. 3.6. Pilot Test Pilot trial is the process in which research worker makes alteration in an instrument based on feedback from little figure of persons who complete and evaluate the instrument ( Creswell, 2008 ) . The questionnaire will be tested by administering to the sample in mark local community of this survey. Participants representing about 10 % of the sample will have 40 questionnaires. This questionnaire will be distributed in four small towns in the Socotra Island to guarantee good coverage of the whole mark population. The pilot trial will supply feedback in the signifier of written remarks to the research worker about the instrument straight by the participant. This will assist alteration in the instrument in order to do it more apprehensible and clear, which would let the sample being capable of finishing the questionnaire decently. The dependability of the graduated table means that repeated usage of the graduated table at different clip under the same conditions will take to the same consequences ( Ryan, 2000 ) . Hence, in this case, dependability is related to whether the four dimensions will give the same consequence each clip if used to mensurate the same attitude repeatedly. If graduated table is non dependable, it can non be valid, because it is non decently mensurating anything at all, allow entirely mensurating the right thing. In current survey, the research worker will carry on appropriate trial for the dependability of the content of the instrument. Alpha coefficient ( Cronbach s alpha ) will be used assess the internal consistence of the instrument. Validity implies that the research worker can pull meaningful and justifiable illations from tonss about a sample or population ( Croswell, 2008 ) . To guarantee the instrument is utile and meaningful the research worker in current survey will exhibit the instrument on the experient academic in order to take their recommendation with respect to the cogency of the instrument. It is deserving adverting the trial will be done in two linguistic communications, the Arabic and English. 3.6. Data Analysiss The research is to look into the influencing of societal benefits, economic benefits and environment benefits on degree of community engagement in ecotourism. This survey is a causal research. Descriptive analysis will be usage to sum up the features of informations such as mean, average and standard divergence. The research worker will utilize factors analysis to find the nature of the factors and to place figure of factors that may be used to stand for the dealingss among variables. This survey will analyze to research the correlativity between independent variables and dependent variables and besides look for any possible multicollinearity among the independent variables. To analyze the association between multiple independent variables and the individual dependant variables, this survey would utilize additive multiple arrested development analysis technique. Hypothesiss would be trial to reason about the theoretical account development in chapter 2. 3.7 Decision In this chapter the research worker describes the research methodological analysis that will be used to look into the relationship between the independent variables ( societal benefits, economic benefits and environment benefits ) and the dependant variable ( community engagement ) to accomplish the aim of the survey. 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French Language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

French Language - Essay Example Although Standard French has in fact undergone centuries of human intervention and language planning, popular opinion, however, contends that Standard French should consist solely of the rulings by the Acadmie franaise in France, or in standardization from terminological work by the Office qubcois de la langue franaise in Quebec. There is further perceived or actual linguistic hegemony in favor of France by virtue of tradition, former imperialism, and a demographic majority. Such notions hinge on linguistic prestige rather than on a linguistic norm. Also, despite the existence of many regional varieties of French in the Francophone world, Standard French is normally chosen as a model for learners of French as a foreign or second language. The standard pronunciation of Metropolitan French is, out of concerns for comprehension or social stigma, sometimes favored over other standard national pronunciations when teaching French to non-native speakers in Francophone nations other than Fra nce. Though the French complain about the incursion of English into their language, they don't fight it nearly as much as French-speaking Canadians do. Whereas stop signs in France say stop, their Qubcois counterparts say arrt. Le week-end in France is known as la fin de semaine in Qubec. And of course, the word chosen to replace "email" in France was the Qubcois term courriel. Thus Canadians feel that their French is actually better than that spoken in France and should be the standard. Therefore, French-Canadians have started a petition to have their French become the standard by which all other variations are measured. Jean Charest, Premier of Qubec, had this to say: Au Qubec, on parle franais. Notre langue n'est pas un petit dialecte franco-canadien et elle n'est pas remplie de franglais comme le franais hexagonal. Nous insistons dsormais que notre franais, c'est la norme. (In Qubec, we speak French. Our language is not some "French-Canadian" dialect, and it's not full of franglais like the French in France. We insist that from now on our French is the standard.) (french.about.com/od/francophonie/a/4_1_05a.htm - 24k - Cached) French (Franais) is a Romance language spoken in France, Belgium, Switzerland, Canada (principally Quebec), northern New England (especially the state of Vermont), the state of Louisiana and in many other countries and regions formerly or currently governed by France. It is an official language of more than 25 countries. French is spoken as a mother language by 72,000,000 people and as a second language by some other 52,000,000. It is one of the five official languages of the United Nations. Origin and History French dialects developped from the Vulgar Latin which was brought to Northern Gaul with the Roman conquest in the 1st century B.C. (see Rome). The history of French language is divided into 6 main periods:

A Strategy for Devise and Launch of a new Adidas Product Research Paper

A Strategy for Devise and Launch of a new Adidas Product - Research Paper Example The group floated stocks in 1995 under the leadership of Robert Louis-Dreyfus as chairman of the executive board. Presently, Herbert Hainer is in charge of the group. Adidas has a wide and varied history of acquisitions. It was in the year of 1997, the group acquired Salomon Group, thereby changing the name of the group to Adidas-Salomon AG. But in 2005, Adidas decided to part its way with Salomon and changed its name to Adidas AG. The company had a remarkable achievement in 2006 when it acquired Reebok International Ltd. With this takeover materializing, the two of the most reputed brands in the industry expected to have a wide market share with complementary products. The worldwide market of the group includes Europe, North America, Asia-Pacific, and Latin America thus making the company truly multinational (Adidas Group, â€Å"The Adidas Group at a Glance†). The present type of the products of the company includes three broad heads that of footwear, clothing, and accessories. The section of footwear includes shoes and flips flops. A host of items like jackets, jerseys, shirts, shorts, pants and tights, sweatshirts, tracksuits, swimwear, tops, and pants are part of the clothing section. Accessories of Adidas include bags, eyewear, watches, hardware, hats, and stocks, etc (Adidas, â€Å"Catalogue†). Being a market leader of all most all the product segment they are into, Adidas might look into new product line so that the company can get diversified. The development and launch of energy drink can be a viable option for the company. Energy drinks are such drinks which provide more energy to the drinker compared to other drinks. Adidas already has a wide market in the arena of sports with all its existing products. With energy drink in the product category, the company can expect to get more penetration into its core competency.

Kant and Hobbes Comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Kant and Hobbes Comparison - Essay Example Both philosophers believe in pragmatism and ethics. But Kant’s practical philosophy is concerned with the unwritten rules that govern human action while Hobbes believes that human actions are directed towards self-interest based on ethical egoism. With this, Hobbes argues that since humans tend to do things based on their self-interest, conflicts may arise when the interest of one overlaps with another or is in opposition to another. This can only be solved if humans allow others to pursue their own self-interest by doing things that will not hamper another’s pursuance of self-interest. That is the only way to resolve the conflict between human actions. Hobbes also argues that the pursuit of self-interest does not mean doing the good thing rather it is maximizing one’s chance to survive or to be happy. This is very different from Kant’s wherein his pursuit of self-interest is based upon what is right, not merely to be happy or to survive. Thus, he pursues the idea of good will. The idea of good will is basically doing what is morally right, so if an action requires injustice or cruelty, then it should be set aside as it is not morally right. Example, if doing a courageous act such as facing a battle in war and the war affects innocent people, then it is not morally right to do so. .... Answering to an invitation, whether we say yes or no, is an imperative of etiquette. It is unethical not to bother answering to an invitation when we look into etiquette. Hobbes’ morality is formed from human nature and empirical conditions rather than categorical imperatives. Kant argues against this as he believes that morality is not pursuance of self-interest rather it is to secure human freedom and equality. Hobbes’ morality is man-made and not God-given. Humans make decisions based on human nature, based on one’s self-interest or the preservation of one’s life, dignity or freedom. On the other hand, Kant’s morality is God-given as it is based solely on moral principles, of doing morally right things and not doing those that opposes good will. Hobbes uses instrumental reason while Kant uses pure practical reason. Kant believes that one’s actions are based on an autonomous will instead of being a slave to one’s passions, as Hobbesà ¢â‚¬â„¢ morality is based upon. For example self-preservation for Kant is a duty, a moral good based on Christian ethics, thus, saying that suicide is a sin. Hobbes will interpret suicide as an immoral thing to do because it does not in any way pursue self-interest to be happy or to survive. This shows that Hobbes sees self-preservation not as a duty rather it is part of the pursuit to survive and to gain happiness and contentment. Let’s take another example in stealing. Stealing, for Kant, is wrong because it is a sin based on Christian ethics, because of categorical imperatives wherein it is immoral because it is not morally right to do so. On the other hand, Hobbes finds stealing as an opposition to the social contract, that is, it steps on another’s pursuit to self-interest, which is protection of one’s

English Language And Global Identity English Language Essay

English Language And Global Identity English Language Essay With increasing popularity of English language as a second language it makes it a global language rather than a regional or a national language. The learning and use of English language also brings new identities along with it. This can be seen more comprehensively in the past two decades; as we can relate to global icons more than before, we have more global identities now. We can relate to English music, Hollywood movies, Global Icons, Heroes, Global brands etc. As Crystal (2000) stresses Language as the primary symbol of identity. When two persons of different nationalities or different origins meet; the first thing they bring together in the conversation is the use of a language which connects these two persons. Hence language is used as the bridge between two unknown persons for communication; giving them some type of identity and means to communicate. In recent years, English language has been used as a global language for communication between different nationalities hence increasing the importance and influence of English language. But the question arises if its possible to adopt a new identity without losing your original (or first) identity. A number of studies in the field of social psychology have shown that immigrants can feel emotionally attached to the new country without losing their attachment to their homeland (Harris 1980). In other words, in short term it might be possible to learn a new different language in isolation and without adopting new identity (or identities) related to that language or culture associated with it but in long term using this language with other people to communicate does bring changes in ones perceptions of identity and also brings new identities to an individual. According to a study by Goffman (1963) the personal identity is defined by how others identify us but not how we identify ourselves. Identity, language and second language learning The concept of identity is a rather loose one. This is evidenced by the fact that various dictionaries and articles seem to give different and slightly vague definitions. From the fact of being who or what a person or thing is (www.wordreference.com) to the state or fact of being the same on as described (www.dictionary.com), authors seem to struggle when trying to be precise with what elements constitute an identity. For that reason we particularly like a more open (but less vague) statement that defines an identity as the set of attributes describing (an aspect of) a person ( Koch 2002). This set of attributes tend to diverge depending on the specialized literature, and though is debatable whether or not a particular element constitute part of an identity, there seems to be a general agreement and understanding on the importance that a language has when giving form or description to a particular identity. It remains unclear if it is strictly necessary to be able speak a language (o r how deep is the knowledge of that language) to form an identity. According to (Love Ansaldo 2010) a native speaker is someone born and brought up from birth to speak a given language. A person is a native speaker if he/she is brought up in a family where the parents or other adults had the same experience with the same language during their upbringing. Hence, if you are a native speaker of a language that particular language is referred to as your mother tongue. However, these links between language and identity tend to refer to the mother languages and not so much about newly acquired ones. When it comes to second language learning, the effects of this language on the speakers identity depend on the reasons and level of assimilation of the language. According to the literature on Second Language Learning (SLL) (or Second Language Acquisition (SLA)), second language learners (L2) and foreign language learners have as main reasons for learning a second language family, profession, communication, personal interest and by requirements of an educational system. In addition, the variables age, language and personal engagement play an enormous role on the level of knowledge of a secondary language and to a certain extent to the way that it affects our identity (- Piller, -2002). Accordingly, if an individual is learning a language with motivation, that individual gets engaged in the process and perceives that knowledge as a benefit for the future, the level of assimilation of the language and its cultural background will have a deeper impact on his/her identity. On the contrary, if the reasons to learn a secondary language are imposed and are deemed as useless, that language will have a very limited impact on the personal identity. National Perspectives on learning English language as a second language India India is rich in languages.   There are 18 major languages spoken in India and over 1600 regional languages. Even though Hindi is the official  language. English has been with India since the early 1600s, when the East India Company started trading and English missionaries first began their efforts. A large number of Christian schools imparting an English education were set up by the early 1800s. The process of producing English-knowing bilinguals in India began with the Minute of 1835, which officially endorsed T.B. Macaulays goal of forming a class who may be interpreters between us and the millions whom we govern a class of persons, Indians in blood and colour, but English in taste, in opinion, in morals and in intellect (quoted in Kachru 1983, p. 22). English became the official and academic language of India by the early twentieth century. The rising of the nationalist movement in the 1920s brought some anti-English sentiment with it even though the movement itself used English as its medium. English is the second major language spoken in India and is used for much of the official business. It is the official language of the judiciary. Many people prefer to use English as a common language. A large percentage of people in India can speak and read English. English is also extensively used in education .The school education in the country is basically divided into two different categories. I.e. primary, secondary. Primary Consists from grade one to five, Secondary consists grade six to tenth. The school education available in three languages formats. One is state language format, another in national language format and English format. Choice depends on students. If choose State or National language format in school education, English start at secondary level. Choose English it starts from primary level. But graduation and after level it must be study in English. English is the most commonly used language of international commerce, politics, science, diplomacy, and the most commonly used language on the Internet. English is such a language having an international status and can provide the best medium to interact with outside world. India is a peace-loving country and wants to spread the same message to all countries of the world. We have to explain and convince friendly nations our point of view. Present Indian deal with export business   Ã‚  worldwide like software, textiles, chemicals, telecommunication hardware, food grains, iron and steel, consumer durables and electronics, Jewelers. To communicate with worldwide clients we require common language. In India is now seen as a major centre for software development. A significant number of international software companies have set up branches in India. English is the main language used in computing and Indian software engineers are proficient in English. My point of view, English is good language for communication to worldwide. A person who knows English is considered better educated. Such a person has a higher social status and may aspire for a better job. At present, most of students   Ã‚  taking English medium at primary level, but they are not studying state language and National language. English has changed Indian languages in many ways mostly through the incorporation of new words.   I would simply love to see all schools become English medium schools that teach the mother tongue as a compulsory second language. Pakistan The British ruled the Indian subcontinent (comprising of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh etc.) for almost two hundred years from 1756 1947. After the independence, the two newly formed countries inherited quite a few things from British Rule i.e. Army Structure, Train System, Governing Models, English Language, Civil Services etc. Pakistan adopted some of these things and one such thing is English Language. The country has two official languages: Urdu and English. Though Urdu is also the national language of the country; but it is English language which is substantially used in official communication at the Government level (also in Judiciary, the Legislature, and Civil Services etc.) The countrys constitution and its laws are written in English and the Legislature (National Assembly or/and The Senate) uses English language for amending existing laws or introducing any new laws. English is also extensively used in education. The school education in the country is basically divided into three different categories i.e. Primary, Middle, and High. Primary Consists from grade one to five, Middle from grades six to eight and High school consists of Grades nine and ten. The English language is compulsory at all three levels which mean that every student has to take an English language course for at least first ten years of his or her education. The education system especially in big cities is English based and every course is taught in English except Urdu Language course of course. The country also has another education system which runs in parallel to the Public education and often termed as Private Education (or Private Schools). Its education, curriculum and examination are mostly based on Cambridge International Examinations. The percentage of students going through this system is far less than the other system because of several reasons. But the general percep tion in the country about English language and Private education is thought to be Elite. English is also been used in businesses and corporations quite broadly. The private organizations especially multi nationals run their daily business based on English language. The products and services available for a consumer often give offers, ingredients, help in both English and Urdu. The mode of communication in offices at these workplaces is English. The policies, mission, vision, code of conduct etc developed by these organizations is often in English. Most of the times job interviews are conducted in English language and the candidates command over English language is one of the main factors being considered during the hiring process. When we look at the entertainment industry of the country; we find English very common there too. Cinemas show most of the newly released Hollywood movies and there is a big following of these movies; most of these cinema-goers are students, youth, middle class young families, working class in private sectors etc. New generation authors coming up with amazing pieces of art in English language Mohsin Hamid is one fine example with his The Reluctant Fundamentalist winning several awards including Anisfield -Wolf Book Award. The newly promoted English theatre industry has been growing pretty fast especially in the big cities like Lahore, Karachi, Islamabad, Multan etc. The cable T.V and internet has also played their part in this whole phenomenon. There are few English based local T.V channels and so many other channels air English programs on regular basis. Most of the youth are addicted to English (could be American, British, Australian By English I mean based on English language) T .V shows, movie channels, music etc. In our view, this growing influence of English language in Pakistani culture and identity has fruitful consequences as it makes the people learn and speak another language, be communicative with the outside world especially to remove wrong perceptions about the country and people of Pakistan and promote the positive aspects of the country. But this phenomenon also brings some tricky issues like diminishing use of Urdu language; perceptions about Urdu being language of poor and working class. We cannot deny the growing importance of English language especially in the last decade or so making it a global language but for Pakistan and its people presence of English language in different facets of life is a very positive sign as long as there is a healthy balance between the two official languages of the country. Bangladesh From the government point of view Bangla is the national- official language of Bangladesh and English is the most important foreign language. But in reality English is the second language of the country and in many places English is more important than Bangla in Bangladesh. Constitution: About the language of the country the Bangladeshi constitution clearly states: The state language of the Republic is [Bangla]. In the constitution nothing is mentioned about the status of English. English is not mentioned as a second language or official language. But many important government documents are written both in Bangla and English. The parliament proceedings are kept into these two languages. When a government body organizes a fair then often the souvenir is published in English. English in Law court in Bangladesh: After Independence the government took the initiative to implement Bangla language in law court. As a result, now the lower courts carry out their activities in Bangla but English is yet very influential in High Court and Supreme Court. If a lawyer wants to practice in Supreme Court then he must have a good command over English language. Many of the judges still give their verdicts in English language. It seems that this trend of using English will remain for the forcible future. English in Education sector in Bangladesh: Formal and institutionalized education system started in Bangladesh during the British rule. At that time Bangladesh was part of British India. There was a debate about the medium of education. Raja Rammohan Roy argued that the medium should be English rather than Sanskrit or Persian. During the British period the medium of education was largely in English. Calcutta University took an initiative in 1935 to introduce Bangla as a medium of education along with English. In Bangladesh the use of Bangla in college level started in the 1960s. Now students can answer in the examinations in Bangla or English. In the college level and university level after 1971 the government tried to patronize Bangla and implement it by replacing English in the education sector. In our general education system English has equal if not more importance than Bangla. In our education system English is really the Second language as all the students have to study it as a compulsory subject for twelve years. English and Administration: During the language movement the people of Bangladesh were afraid that if Urdu was established as the State Language of Pakistan then all the government activities will be carried out in Urdu and our people will suffer. As a result of the language movement, the Pakistani Regime kept on carrying out government activities in English language. After Bangladesh became independent the government of Awami League decided to replace English with Bangla in administrative works but after the death of Sheikh Mujib this process came to a halt and English continued to remain as the dominant language. It was during the rule of Ershad Bangla Procholon Aeen of 1987 was created and implemented. From that time English started to lose its significance in administration. However, it has to be mentioned that all the international communication of Bangladesh government is carried out through English. English in Economic activities: The economy of Bangladesh is dependent on foreign aids and export of some common items like readymade garments, jute, tea, fish etc and also we import a lot of things. Bangladesh is not self sufficient economically. Trading is more popular than production. Trading requires constant communication with foreign companies. Many of the companies who are involved in trading have to use English in dealing with foreigners. So it is clear that English is the dominant language in our economic activities. Comparison of English foreign languages like French, German, and Farsi: French and German have become very popular for economic reasons in our country. Learning these languages help us to increase our possibility to get a UN job. Learning French is also helpful for getting immigration to Canada. Also there are good facilities to learn these languages in Dhaka University, Alliance Francaise, and Goethe Institute. Recently, the English Institute of North South University has introduced French course. On the other hand during the Muslim reign Farsi was the language of the Royal administration and law court in Bangladesh. At present, a student can attend Farsi course for one semester by just paying tk. 250 in Iran Cultural Center but there are not many students who are interested to learn Farsi, French, and German. On the other hand, hundreds of students each year appear for TOEFL and IELTS exams in English language. From the discussion so far there is no doubt that English is the second language of Bangladesh but this reality is not reflected in our constitution. Officially Bangladesh is not known as an ESL country to the outside world. So Bangladesh should be declared as an ESL country by the government without any delay. We learn English not because we like Shakespeare or Dickens. We learn English from out of every day necessity. Ghana The Ghana perspective on language culture and identity. Several reasons account for the Ghanaian attitude towards the English Language and why English is learnt, widely spoken and thought in Schools in Ghana. Paramount among these factors is the multilingual nature of the Ghanaian populace and the vis a vis this has posed to national development. Ghana like many African countries is characterized by people with different ethnic backgrounds and for that matter different language. There are over 60 languages spoken by over 18 million people in Ghana (National Population Census of 2000), which connotes that at least one distinct language is spoken by every 300,000 people on average. The multilingualism nature of the Ghanaian population has come with several challenges with regards to defining a Ghanaian Identity and what makes a person a Ghanaian. Historically, the multilingualism had transpired as a result of various ethnic migrations from different empires on the African continent who settled in Ghana in the early 1200 AD. As a result of the ethnic differences there had been conflict over which ethnic origin dominates and has appropriate ownership to various lands and regions in Ghana. The influence of the multilingualism in Ghana on national development and national identity has created several debates and efforts from a section of Ghanaians at achieving and selecting one local language to be adopted as a national language for official communications in businesses, governmental proceedings, School administration, teaching and learning as well as for inter ethnic trade communications. However these efforts have been gravely thwarted by the Ghanaian perception of local languages and the influence of the English language as inherited from the Colonial masters. The premier constitution of Ghana known as The Gold Coast constitution made specific prerequisites for Elected Members of the legislative assembly to be able to speak and read the English language with a degree of proficiency sufficient to enable them to participate in proceedings of the assembly since such proceedings were totally conducted in English. However the 1992 version of the constitution has dropped this requirement. This clearly demonstrates the extent of prestige and significance that the Ghanaian community placed on the usage of the English language for official proceedings. Formal Education began with the influence of the European merchants and the Christian missionaries who invaded the then gold coast in the early 15th century.   Missionaries started building schools and educational centers   Ã‚  and used them as training grounds for their converts. During such trainings emphasis were laid on the learning of the English language than any local language at the time. As a result by the 1890s English was the sole language used for training in schools in the (McWilliam and Kwamena-Poh 1975) The British colonial rule of over a century (1821-1957), led to the establishment of English as the most prestigious and the only official language of the country, a privileged position that the colonial language has retained after independence as well, till the present day. The English Language is today employed in television and radio broadcasts, news papers, magazines, book publications, legal proceedings and documentation, and all forms of official proceedings. The peculiar prestige enjoyed by the English language is clearly evinced in the words of this Ghanaian journalist, who claims that: English [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] enjoys great prestige in the country as it is seen as a language of power and security. Competence in English gives one the power to exercise authority; t is a key to ones advancement in society. It enhances ones chances of getting a good job. A person who wants to feel secure learns English as it is one of the requirements for employment in many areas. (Saah, 1986: 370)6 Sweden For people growing up in Sweden, English is scheduled from the 4th grade until the second year of high school. This means that Swedes study English from the age of ten until seventeen. It adds up to a total of eight years of schooling in the English language. In addition to this many students also have the option to learn a third language for 5 years, from 7th grade to second year in high school. Learning two languages besides the mother tongue is the normal scenario for Swedish academics. The third language is most often German, French or Spanish although lately Italian has been introduced as a choice of third language as well. While the rigorous English education is mandatory in Swedish schools, it should be stated that the third language is optional. Little reflection is needed in order to understand the importance of a second language among Swedes. There are approximately nine million people living in Sweden and Swedish is not spoken to any greater extent in other countries. Due to this it is easy to see how the people in Sweden could benefit from speaking another language in order to communicate outside their national boundaries. The choice of English as a secondary language in Sweden is linked to the size of the language and its influence on the developing countries in a historical perspective. Even though it is clear that size alone was not a single deciding factor when establishing a second language for Sweden, it is obvious how it has been of importance. The Mandarin language has more than twice the speakers and Spanish is also spoken by more people than English. Further, Hindi and Arabic are just slightly smaller languages than English as it is the native tongue for large populations over the globe. However, even though th ese languages are larger or in the same size as English they have not been that useful to the Swedes. This has to do with the general development level of the societies where these languages are predominant. Take mandarin for instance, as China for a long time has been less developed than Europe and America the opportunities to do business with the country has been insignificant compared to the ones presented by countries within Europe and the US. The historical connection to America is also part of the explanation to why English is widely spoken among Swedes. In the ninetieth and twentieth century there was an extensive emigration from Europe to America. Due to harsh living conditions in the Scandinavian region during the time, more than 1,3 million Swedes packed their belongings on boats in order to sail over the north Atlantic ocean. Stories passed on from emigrants to their relatives left in Sweden led to a common perception of America as the prosperous land in the west among Sw edish inhabitants. This affected the general attitude towards the English language and gave people incentives to learn English in order to pursue happiness on the other side of the sea. This is an important event that laid the foundation for the English language in Sweden. Besides this Great Britain was an early developed nation as it was one of the first to become industrialized during the ninetieth century, an event that had huge impact on English in Sweden. In Sweden, comprehensive education is not the only driving force that has developed the English speaking skills among the population. Different media has also contributed in a great sense. As motion pictures from abroad (read Hollywood) seldom, with the exception of childrens movies, are dubbed, the Swedish audience is confronted with the English language each time they amuse themselves with a good film. Swedish television also shows a large number of English speaking shows and series. In fact most of the popular programs are from America or Great Britain. In Sweden all young people are familiar with Jay Leno, Dr. Phil, Top Gear and the various HBO productions such as Entourage, Sopranos and True Blood. When aired these broadcasts are never dubbed, instead Swedish text is provided in order to facilitate understanding. In addition to television and movies, other media such as music, games and the Internet predominately use the English language. The current development is a self fulfil ling prophecy. As more and more media is produced with English as the main language, users of this media adapt and become comfortable with using the language as a natural way of communicating. This is something that has formed the younger generations growing up in Sweden as they are confronted with the English language to a large extent in their daily lives when watching films, playing video games, browsing the Internet or listening to music. To verify the accuracy of the statements above one only has to go two generations back in time. Most grandparents in Sweden do not speak that good English and parents are not as fluent as the generation currently graduating. Similar it seems reasonable to believe that future kids and their grandchildren will be fluent in English, meaning they will be equipped with two native languages. Spain Spain, on the contrary, has the second language with more native speakers in the world divided into 44 countries. Spanish culture, language and religion, historically and forcefully spread into many countries, ensure that Spanish is not endangered and still allow Spaniards to communicate with a large part of the global population. In addition to that, a simple look into Spains recent history shows that after Spanish Civil war (1936-1939), the country fell into an almost 40-year dictatorship that ruled the country into a complete autocracy. For the first half of the dictatorship, Spain relied only on its own resources and remained closed to most of international relations. In the mid 60s due to a dire situation of Spain economics, the country was forced to open, allowing certain imports while exporting work force to Germany and France. Due to the importance and closeness of France, French started being taught in schools, even though it was usually aught for few years due to the short period of schooling that Spains population were used to. It wasnt until a few years after the restoration of democracy (1978) when the importance of English became obvious and the public school system started adding the teaching of English in public schools. However, the impact of English culture and language was so low, that the efforts to learn the language properly were never high resulting on a rather poor knowledge of the language in the general population. As in most countries that werent colonized by the British, the main sources of American/English culture into Spain were movies and series, however, differently from most countries those popular inputs were dubbed into Spanish, so the language (and especially the phonetics) have kept Englishs impact in the Spanish population to an almost absolute 0. Parents that wanted their kids to develop a better level of English would have to opt for specialized language academies, or participating in exchange programs or trips to native speaking countries. It wasnt until the late 90s, with the massive spreading of the Internet that English finally started made its impact on young Spanish population, however, English still remains as a good asset to find a job and some entertainment, but from apart from that, theres no general appeal for Spaniards to gain a high level in English use. The language is learned because it is a great tool to communicate with international people as they key for global communication, generally detached of the American/British cultural factor that surround the language, concentrating on its usability and potential audience formed by multicultural people. English and the sense of a Global Identity When it comes to specific L2, we find that the English Language has become the most important one by large in terms of geographical distribution of speakers. Though English is only the third language when it comes to native speakers (350 million against Spanish (358 million) and Mandarin (800 million)) (Ethnologue, 2009), if we add second-language speakers and those who learn the language as a foreign language, English, with 900 million speakers, rises to the second position only topped by Mandarin with 1151. However, since only 18% of the Mandarin speakers are non-Chinese speakers and 62% of the English speakers are not native-speakers (L2), and its spoken in more than 123 countries in the world, we can draw the conclusion that English has become the current de facto language of the world. Actually, English has become the current lingua franca of international business, science, technology and aviation (Ding Saunders 2006). A lingua franca, originally Italian for Frankish language, is a language systematically used to communicate between persons not sharing mother tongue, in particular when it is a third language, distinct from both persons mother tongues (Wikipedia   ). Hence, a lingua franca can be thought of as something as a bridge language between different nationalities. However it is not the purpose of this paper to study the historical reasons that have lead to the current situation. Due to the falling power and cultural influence of China in East Asia any aspiring Chinese businessman will learn English as it is already well established as the international business language (Ku Zussman 2010). As such English is incontestably the global lingua franca of the current era of globalization (Ding Saunders 2006). The reasons are various and originate from the colonialism of the British Empire to the standardization and spreading of American entertainment and IT industry. The IT revolution with new means for communication, emerging world markets, outsourcing of production to other countries, and common currencies such as the Euro are all contributing to the globalization of the world (Kilbourne 2002). If the industrialization characterized the 18th and 19th century of the western world, globalization is the trait of today. As such it marks a major turning point in human history as large parts of our daily life are affected to some extent. Activities such as reading the morning news in the wall street journal, taking your Asian ec